The Movie The Dark Knight Essay - 1505 Words

The movie The Dark Knight (2008) is the genre of superhero films. Superhero films are movies that deal with vigilantes saving the city from criminals. Criminals have become more evil, heroes have become more violent and victims have become more innocent. Movies have become more graphic and the crimes have become more unjustifiable. Crime is a key component of superhero hero films and is often used to show injustice towards the state. To control crime society has to try and deter crime by adding punishment that outweigh the rewards. Some people are biologically more crime oriented than others and it constitutes natural born criminals. The Joker is seen as the main criminal in the movie challenging the notion of justice. Bruce Wayne, also known as Batman, is seen as the vigilante. The Joker becomes personal with Batman forcing him to come face to face with everything he believes and uses technology to try and stop him. Hervey Dent is considered a symbol of hope because he takes the law and uses against criminals. The Criminal Justice System is then corrupted by the Joker, which leads to the corruption of two-face. Harvey Dent is angry about Batman letting his one true love (Racheal Dawes) die and seeks revenge upon him with the help of the Joker’s corruption and becomes two face. This demonstrates that even the most innocent people can be corrupted. The Joker challenges the notion of law and justice by attempting to destroy Gotham City and all the people in it. The law dealsShow MoreRelatedThe Dark Knight Movie : Movie Summary Of The Dark Knight750 Words   |  3 PagesThe Dark Knight Movie Summary The Dark Knight movie portrays its self as a fantasy however, the movie relates back to everyday society very well in indirect fashions. In the movie, The Dark Knight, there was a statement made by Harvey Dent that states â€Å"You either die a hero, or die long enough to see your self become the villain.† With this being said, this statement can relate to the presidency in some sort of fashion. For example, in my opinion, the president can leave office on good term, justRead MoreThe Movie The Dark Knight Essay1822 Words   |  8 PagesThe movie The Dark Knight (2008) is in the genre of superhero films. Superhero films are movies that deal with vigilantes saving the city from criminals. Since the release of superhero films, criminals have become more evil, heroes have become more violent and victims have become more innocent. They have also become more graphic and the crimes have become more unjustifiable. Crime is a key component of superhero hero films and is often used t o show injustice towards the state. To control crime, societyRead MoreThe Dark Knight Is Not A Superhero Movie1224 Words   |  5 Pages The Dark Knight is considered one of the best superhero movies of the decade. But is it actually a super hero movie? After 9-11 Hollywood has adopted terrorism like scenes into many of its movies. Almost every scene, In the Dark Knight, involves terrorism. However many label the movie a superhero movie. The Dark Knight is not a superhero movie, in-fact it’s a very realistic portrayal of terrorism in our society. Batman is the main protagonist in the Dark Knight and is widely considered a superheroRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Dark Knight 1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe villain† (The Dark Knight). There is a certain monstrosity that lives inside of everyone, and all it takes is a particular situation to highlight this truth. Monstrosity destroys the categories that humans tend to place objects and people into. When one contemplates what classifies as monstrous, many immediately consider biological categories that a monster might shatter. Nevertheless, a monster’s actions can also lead to a fracturing of categorization, such as in The Dark Knight (2008) when Gotham’sRead MoreMovie Review : The Dark Knight1294 Words   |  6 Pagesremember the first time I ever watched The Dark Knight better than any movie I’ve ever seen. My older brother had just gotten the DVD of 2008’s summer blockbuster film as a gift and invited me to watch it with him in his room. I t was late on a Friday night, and I made a bed of blankets on his floor, laid there with a bowl of buttery popcorn by my side, and engaged myself into a true masterpiece of the film industry. After that night, I watched that movie many times over and over again without exhaustionRead MoreMovie Review : The Dark Knight 1083 Words   |  5 Pagesfilm analysis’s I chose the film The Dark Knight (2008), directed by Christopher Nolan. The film is part of Nolan’s Batman film trilogy and is the sequel to Batman Begins (2005). I chose this film because I am a huge DC comics fan and Batman is one of my favorite hero’s and also because, while most superhero films are bright with great lighting to give us a happy feeling, so that we â€Å"fall in love,† in a sense, with that superhero. What makes the dark knight so interesting and different is that NolanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Dark Knight 2018 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is the typical menu of villaino us images placed before us when we dine out at a movie theater? A scientist has his face deep-cleaned in a bell jar of acid to the epidermal enthusiasm of his beauticians (Darkman); a psychopathic criminal mastermind reigns chaos to the citizens of Gotham (The Dark Knight) and another sequel, eight years on, despite his tarnished reputation after the events of The Dark Knight, in which he took the rap for Dent s crimes, caped crusader feels compelled to interveneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Dark Knight Rises Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesOn July 20, 2012, a major tragedy happened in Aurora Colorado during a midnight screening of the film The Dark Knight Rises. James Holmes willingly without showing no remorse entered the movie theater Century 16 at Town Center. He was resembling the Joker with red hair wearing a gas mask and body armor murdering 12 people and wounding 70 people. A jury found Holmes guilty on 24 counts of first degree murder, two counts for each of the 12 v ictims. Also, he was found guilty of 140 counts of attemptedRead MoreThe Dark Knight Rises : Ficial Movie Novelization887 Words   |  4 Pages The Dark Knight Rises: The Official Movie Novelization was written by Greg Cox and Christopher Nolan. This was first published in 2012 along with the original motion picture. This story occurs eight years after the events of The Dark Knight and is told in the third person omnicient. There are four main characters in the whole book. Bruce Wayne/ The Batman is a man who left seven years from gotham to study the criminal mind and mastred various fighting techniques. He has given everything heRead MoreThe Dark Knight: Brilliant Movie that Sets a New Standard in the Superhero Film Genre1017 Words   |  5 Pagesbullied, reasoned or negotiated with. Some men just wanna watch the world burn...† Having artfully explored the origins of the caped crusader in Batman Begins, director Christopher Nolan puts Gotham City under a completely new perspective in The Dark Knight, the thrilling second instalment of his superb reinvention of the superhero franchise. Gotham has returned to a state of fraudulence and criminality. Crime lurks at every corner. People are terrified to go out at night. Citizens are relying on

Euthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia - 995 Words

I never have thought about euthanasia in such depth until this assignment. It isn’t something completely new to me because I have heard about it, it happens everywhere, even if you or I don’t see it. But, I never gathered my thoughts about such a serious topic. Reading such opinions from these authors made me find out more about this topic but I cannot say I have came to a clear and set decision or opinion about euthanasia. As James Rachels states, â€Å"I can understand why some people are opposed to all euthanasia, and insist that such infants must be allowed to live. [But] I think I can also understand why other people favor destroying these babies quickly and painlessly† (Rachels 155). The reading I disagreed with the most was â€Å"Active and Passive Euthanasia† by James Rachels. You may ask, why? Let me explain to you my thoughts. Rachel’s states, â€Å"The important difference between active and passive euthanasia is that, in passive euthanasia, the doctor does not do anything to bring about the patient’s death. The doctor does nothing, and the patient dies of whatever ills already afflict him.† (Rachels 157). And, yes I agree. Passive euthanasia is withholding treatment and letting the patient die. But, I kept reading this paragraph and it goes on with the following: â€Å"In active euthanasia, however, the doctor does something to bring about the patient’s death: he kills him. The doctor who gives the patient with cancer a lethal injection has himself caused his patient’s death†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Show MoreRelatedEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia1634 Words   |  7 Pagesof Alabama, wrote a paper called Active and Pas sive Euthanasia where he argues against the distinction between killing in letting die. He says that the distinction is made on morally irrelevant grounds. He says that the distinction between passive and active euthanasia should not be based on whether or not wanted more morally permissible then the other. To prove his point Rachel uses three dif-ferent examples, which included different circumstance where euthanasia is involved. He looks at each exampleRead MoreEuthanasi Passive Euthanasia And Active Euthanasia Essay1927 Words   |  8 Pageschoosing euthanasia. The family or caregiver may pressure the patient into choosing euthanasia just so they could be relieved of the burden of caring for said patient. This may happen because the family or caregiver has had a lot of pressure put onto them. Financial burden being a leading factor. Although there is no data that completely verifies this possible problem, opponents argue that it can be a possible issue and that it should be add ressed. (Ezekiel 637). There are two types of euthanasia. PassiveRead MoreEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia1562 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia, also known as voluntary or assisted suicide, is used for terminally ill patients to end their lives instead of undergoing painful treatments and torment of waiting for death. There are, however, two different ways in which A can bring about B’s death. In this essay I will present the distinction between active and passive euthanasia as explained by James Rachels in his article called â€Å"Active and Passive Euthanasia†. I will also debate whether euthanasia is justified or not by presentingRead MoreEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia1973 Words   |  8 Pages The issue of whether active and passive euthanasia are distinct continues to be important to philosophers, ethicists and health care professionals. Euthanasia is the act of ending a patient’s life when the circumstance for that patient is unbearable or untreatable by medical treatment (Ozcelick, Tekir, Samancioglu, Fadiloglu Ozkara, 2014, p. 94). Namely, there is active and passive euthanasia. Both are indicative of the acts that root in the intention to end a patient’s life. For the purpose ofRead MoreEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia1229 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to David Theo Goldberg, â€Å"Euthanasia involves terminating the life of an ailing person in order to prevent him or her further suffering† (459). The ending of one’s life should only be a last resort after having unbearable and untreatable illnesses. Euthanasia is classified into two categories which are active and passive. Goldberg also refers to active euthanasia as the ending of one’s life by administering a lethal treatment, while passive euthanasia is withdrawing treatment that may preserveRead MoreEuthanasi Voluntary Active Euthanasia, Passive Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1143 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Heritage Dictionary euth anasia is defined as the art or practice of ending the life of a person or animal having a terminal illness or a medical condition that causes suffering. Euthanasia should be a individual choice to end a patient s life. This keeps them from going through excruciating pain due to an incurable disease. Some people think euthanasia should be out of the picture while others inquiry the effectiveness of these actions. With effectiveness, euthanasia is classified in three

Pakistan’s Banking Sector Current Situation And Critical Issues Free Essays

string(113) " banking system in Pakistan today is that the depositors are not getting adequate return on their bank deposits\." Pakistan’s banking sector reforms which were initiated in the early 1990s have transformed the sector into an efficient, sound and strong banking system. The most recent comprehensive assessment carried out jointly by the World Bank and the IMF in 2004 came to the following conclusion: â€Å" for reaching reforms have resulted in a more efficient and competitive financial system In particular, the predominantly state-owned banking system has been transformed into one that is predominantly under the control of the private sector. The legislative framework and the State Bank of Pakistan’s supervisory capacity have been improved substantially. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan’s Banking Sector Current Situation And Critical Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the financial sector is sounder and exhibits an increased resilience to shocks. † The major changes that have occurred in the banking sector during the last decade or so can be summarized as follows: a) 80 percent of the banking assets are held by the private sector banks and the privatization of nationalized commercial banks has brought about a culture of professionalism and service orientation in place of bureaucracy and apathy. ) The banks that were losing money due to inefficiencies, waste and limited product range have become highly profitable business. These profits are, however, being used to strengthen the capital base of the banks rather than paying out to the shareholders. The minimum capital requirements have been raised from Rs. 500 million to Rs. 6 billion over an extended period in a phased manner. The consolidation of the banking sector into fewer but stronger banks will lead to better management of risk. c) The banks that were burdened with the non-performing and defaulted loans have cleared up their balance sheets in an open transparent, cross-the-board manner. Contrary to the popular myth the main beneficiaries of the wirite-offs of the old outstanding and unrecoverable loans have been from almost 25 percent to 6. 7 percent by Dec. 2005. Small individual borrowers the ratio of non-performing loans of the Commercial Banks to total advances has declined. d) The quality of new assets has improved as stringent measures are taken to appraise new loans, and assure the underlying securities. Online Credit Information Bureau reports provide updated information to the banks about the credit history and track record of the borrowers. Loan approvals on political considerations have become passe. Non-performing loans account for less than 3 percent of all new loans disbursed since 1997. e) The human resources base of the banks has been substantially upgraded by the adoption of the principles of merit and performance throughout the industry. Recruitment is done through a highly competitive process and promotions and compensation are linked to training, skills and high performance. The banks now routinely employ MBAs, M. Coms, Chartered Accountants, IT graduates, economists and other highly educated persons rather than Clerical and Non Clerical Workers. The banking industry has become the preferred choice of profession among the young graduates. f) Banking Technology that was almost non-existent in Pakistan until a few years ago is revolutionizing the customer services and access on-line banking, Internet banking, ATMs, mobile phone banking and other modes of delivery have made it possible to provide convenience to the customers while reducing the transaction costs to the banks. Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Smart Cards etc. are a thriving and expanding business in Pakistan. Once the RTGS is put in place the payment system in Pakistan. Would enter a new phase of modernization. ) Competition among the banks has forced them to move away from the traditional limited product range of credit to the government and the public sector enterprises, trade financing, big name corporate loans, and credit to multinationals to an ever-expanding menu of products and services. The borrower base of the banks has expanded four fold in the last six years as the banks have diversified into agriculture, SMEs, Consumers financing, mortgages, etc. The middle class that could not afford to buy cars or apartments as they did not have the financial strength for cash purchases are the biggest beneficiaries of these new products and services. ) Along with strong regulation, supervision and enforcement capacity of the State Bank of Pakistan a number of measures have been taken to put best corporate governance practices in the banking system. ‘Fit and proper’ criteria have been prescribed for the Chief Executives, members of the Boards of Directors, and top management positions. Accounting and audit standards have been brought to the International Accounting Standards (IAS) and the International Audit Codes. External audit firms are rated according to their performance and track record and those falling short of the acceptable standards are debarred from auditing the banks. These practices were put in place in Pakistan long before the scandals of Enercon, World Call and Pramalat had shaken the corporate world. i) The foreign exchange market that was highly regulated through a system of direct exchange controls over suppliers and users of foreign exchange has been liberalized and all purchases and sales take place through an active and vibrant inter-bank exchange market. All restrictions have been removed with full current account convertibility and partial capital account convertibility. Foreign investors can now bring in and take back their capital, remit profits, dividends and fees without any prior removal and directly through their banks. Similarly, foreign portfolio investors can also enter and exit the market at their own discretion. The main lesson learnt from the last decade suggest that financial sector functions effectively and efficiently only if the macroeconomics situation is favorable and stable. The need to maintain macroeconomic stability will thus remain paramount in the years to come. The agenda for further reforms in the financial sector is still quite formidable and the challenges to spread the benefits of financial liberalization among the middle and low income households and small and medium farms and enterprises are still enormous. There are several areas of dissatisfaction with the banking sector that need to be addressed. The most serious complaint against the banking system in Pakistan today is that the depositors are not getting adequate return on their bank deposits. You read "Pakistan’s Banking Sector Current Situation And Critical Issues" in category "Papers" The difference between the monthly weighted average rates of lending and deposits is taken as an indicator of the spreads earned by the banks. It is true that these spreads have widened in the recent months land this phenomenon has caused resentment among those whose only source of income is their returns from bank deposits. But it is important to examine the facts and their form judgments The monthly comparisons are meaningless because PLS deposit rates are changed every six months, while the lending rates are continuously adjusting because they are automatically linked to T-bills or KIBOR rates. During the last eight months the weighted average deposit rate has risen from 1. 6 percent in July – Feb, 2005 to 3. 9 percent in July – Feb, 2006. This trend reflects that the return on the new deposits mobilized is much higher than what the average rate indicates. The old deposits are earning much lower rate because they were lodged at the time when the overall structure of interest rates had come down significantly. This lag is adjustment between the deposit and lending rates is due to the costs incurred by the depositor in shifting deposits from one bank to the other. The additional deposits mobilized in the last twelve months amounted to Rs. 382 billion i. e. a growth rate of 16. 8 percent. This growth rate took place despite deceleration in the volume of Resident Foreign deposit accounts. So if the deposit rates were unattractive then this high growth rate in deposits mobilized by the banks appears to be puzzling. The reason for this high growth is that the fresh deposits were fetching an average return of 6. 2 percent in March, 2006 compared to 3. 5 percent in July, 2005 – rise of 270 basis points in nine months. In the coming months the average rate is likely to move further upwards bringing them to positive real interest rates. Why have the profits of the banks risen so sharply in the last few years? There are several reasons that need to be understood: First, the drag of non-performing loans has been eased considerably reducing the need for setting aside the provisions for loan losses. As these provisions were made at the expense of the profits the banks are now reaping the benefits of building up substantial provisions and taking the hit on their profits in the past. Second, the corporate income tax rate on banks’ profits has gradually come down from 58 percent to 38 percent saving on their tax deductions. These savings not only get translated in to higher profits but also act as incentives for better performance because the tax rate no longer acts as a penalty. Third, the diversification of the banks assets into new and so far underserved segments such as agriculture, mortgage, auto, SMEs, Consumer and Credit Cards have raised their net interest margins. As competition has become quite tough in the corporate segment the margins on corporate loans have been squeezed considerably. But the spreads earned in these new segments are quite attractive. Thus a large part of the profits originate from lending to these underserved segments of the population. This is a Win- Win situation as small farmers, small businesses and middle class consumers, who had so far been denied access to bank credit, are able to get financing the banks are able to earn higher spreads. Fourth, there has been a shift in the maturing profile of both the banks’ deposits and banks’ loans. Half of the total deposits are now placed for short term duration earning negligible rates of return compared to the past where the distribution of deposits were concentrated in medium to long duration earning much higher returns. On the assets side, more of the bank loans are being disbursed for fixed investment purposes. These have long maturity structure and pay higher interest rates in double digits. This shift in the composition of deposits and advances has helped earn the banks a higher spread boosting their profitability. As the majority of the banks are operating in the private sector they will remain guided by the bottom line considerations i. e. the profits. Consolidation and market competition will act as a deterrent on abnormal profits but it is the responsibility of the regulator to ensure that these profits are not made by taking excessive risk with the depositors’ money or by banks indulging in collusive practices. The regulator has to ensure that the access to credit is further broadened and small farming households, small and medium businesses and middle classes are able to meet their legitimate credit needs. At the same time the regulator has to take stringent action against those banks found guilty of anti-competitive or collusive practices. Another popular indictment against the banking sector is that they are financing speculative activities such as stock market trading, real estate, commodities, auto etc. The facts do not support this indictment. Direct and indirect exposure by banks in stock market equities has been limited to 20 percent of their capital i. e. the maximum amount all the banks can collectively provide for this activity is only 40 billion. The outstanding stock of bank advances in March, 2006 stood at Rs. 2063 billion. Thus the bank credit allocated for stock market equity trading is less than 2 percent of the total advances of the banking system. If we further assume that some amounts are diverted from consumer loans or corporate loans also the exposure of the banks may double to as much as 4 percent but the securities and collaterals against the diverted loans may not necessarily be the scrips themselves. Real estate financing by banks is restricted to mortgage loans only and the purchase of plots cannot be financed by the banks. Mortgage loans can be disbursed in installments after physical verification of the various phases of construction. The total disbursements of loans for mortgage amounted to Rs. 11. 4 billion in FY 05. Commodity financing and its prevailing rates are not attractive for the borrowers as there has been net retirement of commodity loans in the first nine months of the current fiscal year. The regulatory environment for the banks to indulge in lending for speculative purposes is not very propitious. The State Bank of Pakistan supervisors are not only vigilant in their on-site inspection but they monitor the banks on a continuous basis and can detect irregularities and violations fairly quickly. The more deterrent effect of strong oversight by the supervisors is enough to discourage such activities. The penalties imposed by the supervisors on recalcitrant banks are quite severe. How to cite Pakistan’s Banking Sector Current Situation And Critical Issues, Papers

The Maintenance of Capital Doctrine - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMaintenance of Capital Doctrine. Answer: History of Doctrine The aspect of maintaining capital doctrine is a subject to debate from the very first day of its incorporation with the Australian Corporate law. The people had an assumption and perception that the doctrine was made to protect the creditors of an organization for assuring the application of equity capital by the organizational directors. There were gargantuan questions about the degree of achievement of the protective goals of this doctrine. For these issues, the legal statutes regarding the decisions of company capital of the corporate law has gone through a series of reforming process. As per the opinion of Gatt (2015, p.54), the first strategy depends upon linking decisions of corporate capital and the other upon solvency, disclosure of materials and fairness for the shareholders of an organization. The lawmakers of Australia had casted aside the prohibitive approaches in changes of corporate capital through mechanisms of permissive approach for procuring ease in the process of d ecision-making in capital related issues. The doctrine was established in the case between Trevor v Whitwwworth (1887) as the court depicted the need for an organization to stabilize the working capital for protecting the interest of the shareholders and creditors (Rickford, 2004, p.919). Benefits of Doctrine This doctrine has played a pivotal part in the aspect of regulatory capital of the banks and large scale corporate sectors. It has generated immense ease in the process of Commonwealth governments FSI or Financial System Inquiry. As per the statement of Rickford (2004, p.910), it can be used to prevent the organizations to buy the shares of their own. Through this doctrine, the creditors of a company can have sustainable ground to protect their interest in the flow of working capital of a company. The section 260A reveals another assertive benefit of financial assistance in order to acquire shares by a holding company based on capital flow. This can be massively helpful to remain the capital same through a proficient process of maintenance that can procure equilibrium between flow of capital and subscribed capital (Austlii.edu.au, 2017). Exceptions to the Doctrine The section 257B of the Australian Corporations Act 2001 reveals the provision for the companies to buy back the shares with exception in capital maintenance. This division procures a massive exception as the companies can follow the process depicted through this section. There is another exception in the doctrine as the section 259A reveals the process of acquiring share bonds with direct process.On the other hand, this can be helpful to enhance transparency as in the section 256B of the Corporations Act 2001 of Australia; a company can make reduction in share capital only with authorization of the shareholders. Under this exception, the shareholders do not prejudice the ability of the organization in paying back the creditors through maintaining the capital flow. On the other hand, these exceptions can open up portal for the companies to re-purchase the share bonds from the creditors in order to maintain the capital structure of the organization intact to foster effectiveness in th e maintenance (Austlii.edu.au, 2017). Reference List Austlii.edu.au (2017). Corporations Act. Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s260a.html [Accessed on 14th may 2017] Austlii.edu.au (2017). Corporations Act. Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s259a.html [Accessed on 14th may 2017] Gatt, K., (2015). The doctrine of capital maintenance with particular reference to the reduction of share capital. A legal and fiscal perspective. 2(5), p.54 Rickford, J., (2004). Reforming Capital Report of the Interdisciplinary Group on Capital Maintenance.EuR. Bus. l. REv.,15, p.919.

Untitled Essay Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION What is Evolution? Development is the procedure by which all life thingshave developed from crude beings through alterations happening overbillions of old ages, a procedure that includes all animate beings and workss. Precisely howevolution occurs is still a affair of argument, but there are many differenttheories and that it occurs is a scientific fact. Biologists agree that all livingthings come through a long history of alterations shaped by physical andchemical procedures that are still taking topographic point. It is possible that all organismscan be traced back to the beginning of Life from one celled organims.The most direct cogent evidence of development is the scientific discipline of Paleontology, orthe survey of life in the yesteryear through dodo remains or feelings, normally inrock. Changes occur in life beings that serve to increase theiradaptability, for endurance and reproduction, in altering environments.Evolution seemingly has no constitutional way intent. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A given sort oforganism may germinate merely when it occurs in a assortment of signifiers differing inhereditary traits, that are passed from parent to offspring. By opportunity, somevarieties prove to be badly adapted to their current environment and thusdisappear, whereas others prove to be adaptative, and their Numberss increase.The riddance of the unfit, or the endurance of the fittest, is known asNatural Selection because it is nature that discards or favours aarticular being. Evolution takes topographic point merely when natural choice operates on apopulation of beings incorporating diverse inheritable signifiers. History Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis ( 1698-1759 ) was the first topropose a general theory of development. He said that familial stuff, dwelling of atoms, was transmitted from parents to offspring. His opinionof the portion played by natural choice had small influence on other naturalists. Until the mid-19th century, naturalists believed that each species wascreated individually, either through a supreme being or through spontaneousgeneration the construct that organisms arose to the full developed from dirt or H2O. Thework of the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus in progressing the sorting ofbiological beings focused attending on the close similarity between certainspecies. Guess began as to the being of a kind of blood relationshipbetween these species. These inquiries coupled with the emerging scientific disciplines ofgeology and palaeontology gave rise to hypotheses that the life-forms of the dayevolved from earlier signifiers through a procedure of alteration. Highly of import wasthe realisation that different beds of stone represented different clip periods andthat each bed had a typical set of dodos of life-forms that had lived in the yesteryear. Lamarckism Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of several theoreticians who proposed anevolutionary theory based on the usage and neglect of variety meats. Lamarck stated thatan single acquires traits during its life-time and that such traits are in some wayput into the familial stuff and passed to the following coevals. Thiswas an effort to explicate how a species could alter bit by bit over time.According to Lamarck, camelopard, for illustration, have long cervixs because for manygenerations single giraffes stretched to make the uppermost foliages of trees, ineach coevals the camelopard added some length to their cervixs, and they passed thison to their progeny. New variety meats arise from new demands and develop inthe extent that they are used, neglect of variety meats leads totheir disappearing. Subsequently, the scientific discipline of Genetics disproved Lamarck # 8217 ; s theory, itwas found that acquired traits can non be inherited. Malthus Thomas Robert Malthus, an English reverend, through his work An Essayon the Principle of Population, had a great influence in directing naturalists towarda theory of natural choice. Malthus proposed that environmental factors such asfamine and disease limited population growing. Darwin After more than 20 old ages of observation and experiment, Charles Darwinproposed his theory of development through natural choice to the Linnean Societyof London in 1858. He presented his find along with another Englishnaturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently discovered natural choice atabout the same clip. The undermentioned twelvemonth Darwin published his full theory, supported with tremendous grounds, in On the Origin of Species. Geneticss The part of genetic sciences to the apprehension of development hasbeen the account of the heritage in persons of the same species. GregorMendel discovered the basic rules of heritage in 1865, but his work wasunknown to Darwin. Mendel # 8217 ; s work was rediscovered by other scientists around1900. From that clip to 1925 the scientific discipline of genetic sciences developed quickly, and manyof Darwin # 8217 ; s thoughts about the heritage of fluctuations were found to be incorrect.Only since 1925 has natural choice once more been recognized as essentialin development. The modern theory of development combines the findings of moderngenetics with the basic model supplied by Darwin and Wallace, making thebasic rule of Population Genetics. Modern population genetic sciences was developedlargely during the 1930s and # 8217 ; 40s by the mathematicians J. B. S. Haldane and R. A.Fisher and by the life scientists Theodosius Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord SIMPSON, Sewall Wright, Berhard Rensch, and G. LedyardStebbins. Harmonizing to the theory, variableness among persons in a population ofsexually reproducing beings is produced by mutant and geneticrecombination. The resulting familial variableness is capable to natural choice in theenvironment. Population GENETICS The word population is used in a particular sense to depict development. Thestudy of individual persons provides few hints as to the possible results ofevolution because individual persons can non germinate in their life-time. An individualrepresents a shop of cistrons that participates in development merely when those cistrons arepassed on to farther coevalss, or populations. The cistron is the basic unit in thecell for conveying familial features to offspring. Persons are unitsupon which natural choice operates, but the tendency of development can be tracedthrough clip merely for groups of crossbreeding persons, populations can beanalyzed statistically and their development predicted in footings of norm Numberss. The Hardy-Weinberg jurisprudence, which was discovered independently in 1908 bya British mathematician, Godfrey H. Hardy, and a German doctor, WilhelmWeinberg, provides a criterion for quantitatively mensurating the extent ofevolutionary alteration in a population. The jurisprudence states that the cistron frequences, orratios of different cistrons in a population, will stay changeless unless they arechanged by outside forces, such as selective reproduction and mutant. Thisdiscovery reestablished natural choice as an evolutionary force. Comparing theactual cistron frequences observed in a population with the frequences predicted, bythe Hardy-Weinberg jurisprudence gives a numerical step of how far the populationdeviates from a nonevolving province called the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Given alarge, indiscriminately engendering population, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will holdtrue, because it depends on the Torahs of chance. Changes are produced in thegene pool through mutants, cistron flow, familial impetus, and natural choice. Mutant A mutant is an inheritable alteration in the character of a cistron. Mutationsmost frequently occur spontaneously, but they may be induced by some externalstimulus, such as irradiation or certain chemicals. The rate of mutant in worlds isextremely low ; however, the figure of cistrons in every sex cell, is so big thatthe chance is high for at least one cistron to transport a mutant. Gene Flow New cistrons can be introduced into a population through new breedingorganisms or gametes from another population, as in works pollen. Gene flow canwork against the procedures of natural choice. Familial Drift A alteration in the cistron pool due to opportunity is called familial impetus. Thefrequency of loss is greater the smaller the population. Therefore, in little populationsthere is a inclination for less fluctuation because couples are more similar genetically. Natural Choice Over a period of clip natural choice will ensue in alterations in thefrequency of allelomorphs in the cistron pool, or greater divergence from the nonevolvingstate, represented by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. New SPECIES New species may germinate either by the alteration of one species to another orby the splitting of one species into two or more new species. Splitting, thepredominant manner of species formation, consequences from the geographical isolation ofpopulations of species. Isolated populations undergo different mutants, andselection force per unit areas and may germinate along different lines. If the isolation is sufficientto prevent crossbreeding with other populations, these differences may becomeextensive plenty to set up a new species. The evolutionary alterations broughtabout by isolation include differences in the generative systems of the group.When a individual group of organisms diversifies over clip into several subgroups byexpanding into the available niches of a new environment, it is said to undergoAdaptive Radiation. Darwin # 8217 ; s Finches, in the Galapagos Islands, West of Ecuador, illustrateadaptive radiation. They were likely the first land birds to make the islands, and, in the absence of competition, they occupied several ecological home grounds anddiverged along several different lines. Such forms of divergency are reflected inthe life scientists # 8217 ; strategy of categorization of beings, which groups together animalsthat have common features. An adaptative radiation followed the foremost conquestof land by craniates. Natural choice can besides take populations of different species populating insimilar environments or holding similar ways of life to germinate similar characteristics.This is called convergent development and reflects the similar selective force per unit area ofsimilar environments. Examples of convergent development are the oculus in cephalodmollusks, such as the octopus, and in craniates ; wings in insects, nonextant flyingreptiles, birds, and chiropterans ; and the flipperlike extremities of the sea polo-neck ( reptilian ) , penguin ( bird ) , and seahorse ( mammal ) . MOLECULAR EVOLUTION An spring of new grounds back uping development has come in the 20thcentury from molecular biological science, an unknown field in Darwin # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours. Thefundamental dogma of molecular biological science is that cistrons are coded sequences of theDNA molecule in the chromosome and that a cistron codifications for a precise sequence ofamino acids in a protein. Mutants alter DNA chemically, taking to modified ornew proteins. Over evolutionary clip, proteins have had histories that are astraceable as those of large-scale constructions such as castanetss and dentitions. The farther inthe yesteryear that some hereditary stock diverged into contemporary species, the moreevident are the alterations in the amino-acid sequences of the proteins of thecontemporary species. PLANT EVOLUTION Biologists believe that workss arose from the multicellular green algae ( phylum Chlorophyta ) that invaded the land about 1.2 billion old ages ago. Evidence isbased on modern green algae holding in common with modern workss the samephotosynthetic pigments, cell walls of cellulose, and multicell signifiers holding a lifecycle characterized by Alternation Of Generations. Photosynthesis about certainlydeveloped foremost in bacterium. The green algae may hold been preadapted to land. The two major groups of workss are the nonvascular plants and the vascular plants ; the two groups most likely diverged from one common group of workss. Thebryophytes, which lack complex carry oning systems, are little and are found inmoist countries. The vascular plant s are workss with efficient carry oning systems ; theydominate the landscape today. The seed is the major development in vascular plants, and it is most of import for endurance on land. Fossil grounds indicates that land workss foremost appeared during the SilurianPeriod of the Paleozoic Era ( 425-400 million old ages ago ) and diversified in theDevonian Period. Near the terminal of the Carboniferous Period, fernlike workss hadseedlike constructions. At the stopping point of the Permian Period, when the land became drierand colder, seed workss gained an evolutionary advantage and became the dominantplants. Plant foliages have a broad scope of forms and sizes, and some fluctuations ofleaves are versions to the environment ; for illustration, little, leathery foliages foundon workss in dry climes are able to conserve H2O and gaining control less visible radiation. Besides, early flowering plants adapted to seasonal H2O deficits by dropping their leavesduring periods of drouth. Evidence FOR Development The Fossil Record has of import penetrations into the history of life. The orderof dodos, get downing at the underside and lifting upward in graded stone, corresponds totheir age, from oldest to youngest. Deep Welsh stones, up to 570 million old ages old, contain the remains ofvarious marine invertebrate animate beings, sponges, Portuguese man-of-war, worms, shellfish, starfish, and crustaceans. These invertebrates were already so good developed that they musthave become differentiated during the long period predating the Welsh. Somefossil-bearing stones lying good below the oldest Welsh strata contain imprints ofjellyfish, paths of worms, and hints of soft corals and other animate beings of uncertainnature. Paleozoic Waterss were dominated by arthropods called trilobites and largescorpionlike signifiers called eurypterids. Common in all Paleozoic periods ( 570-230million old ages ago ) were the nautiloid, which are related to the modern nautilus, andthe lamp shells, or brachiopods. The uneven graptolites, colonial animate beings whosecarbonaceous remains resemble pencil Markss, attained the extremum of theirdevelopment in the Ordovician Period ( 500-430 million old ages ago ) and thenabruptly declined. In the mid-1980s research workers found fossil carnal tunnels inrocks of the Ordovician Period ; these hint dodos indicate that terrestrialecosystems may hold evolved sooner than was one time thought. Many of the Paleozoic Marine invertebrate groups either became nonextant ordeclined aggressively in Numberss before the Mesozoic Era ( 230-65 million old ages ago ) .During the Mesozoic, shelled ammonites flourished in the seas, and insects andreptiles were the prevailing land animate beings. At the stopping point of the Mesozoic the once-successful Marine ammonites perished and the reptilian dynasty collapsed, givingway to birds and mammals. Insects have continued to boom and hold differentiatedinto a astonishing figure of species. During the class of development works and animate being groups have interacted toone another # 8217 ; s advantage. For illustration, as blossoming workss have become lessdependent on air current for pollenation, a great assortment of insects have emerged asspecialists in transporting pollen. The colourss and aromas of flowers hold evolvedas versions to pull insects. Birds, which feed on seeds, fruits, and buds, haveevolved quickly in confidant association with the blossoming workss. The emergence ofherbivorous mammals has coincided with the widespread distribution of grasses, and the herbivorous mammals in bend have contributed to the development ofcarnivorous mammals. Fish and Amphibians During the Devonian Period ( 390-340 million old ages ago ) the huge land areasof the Earth were mostly populated by carnal life, salvage for rare animals likescorpions and millepedes. The seas, nevertheless, were crowded with a assortment ofinvertebrate animate beings. The fresh and salt Waterss besides contained cartilaginous andbony Fish. From one of the many groups of fish inhabiting pools and swampsemerged the first land craniates, get downing the craniates on their conquering of allavailable tellurian home grounds. Among the legion Devonian aquatic signifiers were the Crossopterygii, lobe-finned fish that possessed the ability to quaff air when they rose to the surface.These ancient air- external respiration fish represent the stock from which the foremost landvertebrates, the amphibious vehicles, were derived. Scientists continue to speculate aboutwhat led to venture onto land. The lobefins that migrated onto land wereonly crudely adapted for tellurian being, but because they did non encountercompetitors, they survived. Lobe-finned fish did, nevertheless, possess certain features that servedthem good in their new environment, including crude lungs and internal anterior nariss, both of which are indispensable for take a breathing out of the water.Such features, called preadaptations, did non develop because the others werepreparing to migrate to the land ; they were already present by accident and becameselected traits merely when they imparted an advantage to the fish on land. The early land-dwelling amphibious vehicles were thin-bodied with fishlike dress suits, butthey had limbs capable of motive power on land. These limbs likely developedfrom the sidelong fives, which contained heavy lobes that in bend contained bonyelements. The antediluvian amphibians neer became wholly adapted for being onland, nevertheless. They spent much of their lives in the H2O, and their moderndescendants, the salamanders, newts, toads, and toads # 8211 ; still must return to H2O todeposit their eggs. The riddance of a water-dwelling phase, which was achievedby the reptilians, represented a major evolutionary progress. The Reptilian Age Possibly the most of import factor lending to the going of reptilesfrom the amphibious vehicles was the development of a shell- covered egg that could be laidon land. This development enabled the reptilians to distribute throughout the Earth # 8217 ; slandmasses in one of the most dramatic adaptative radiations in biological history. Like the eggs of birds, which developed subsequently, reptilian eggs contain acomplex series of membranes that protect and nourish the embryo and aid itbreathe. The infinite between the embryo and the amniotic sac is filled with an amnioticfluid that resembles seawater ; a similar fluid is found in the foetuss of mammals, including worlds. This fact has been interpreted as an indicant that life originatedin the sea and that the balance of salts in assorted organic structure fluids did non alteration verymuch in development. The membranes found in the human embryo are essentiallysimilar to those in reptilian and bird eggs. The human yolk pouch remains little andfunctionless, and the exhibits have no development in the human embryo.Nevertheless, the presence of a yolk pouch and allantois in the human embryo is oneof the strongest pieces of grounds documenting the evolutionary relationshipsamong the widely differing sorts of craniates. This suggests that mammals, including worlds, are descended from animate beings that reproduced by agencies ofexternally laid eggs that were rich in yolk. The reptilians, and in peculiar the dinosaurs, were the dominant landanimals of the Earth for good over 100 million old ages. The Mesozoic Era, duringwhich the reptilians thrived, is frequently referred to as the Age of Reptiles. In footings of evolutionary success, the larger the animate being, the greater thelikelihood that the animate being will keep a changeless Body Temperature independentof the environmental temperature. Birds and mammals, for illustration, bring forth andcontrol their ain organic structure heat through internal metabolic activities ( a province known asendothermy, or warm-bloodedness ) , whereas today # 8217 ; s reptilians are thermally unstable ( inhuman ) , modulating their organic structure temperatures by behavioural activities ( thephenomenon of ectothermy ) . Most scientists regard dinosaurs as lumbering, oversized, inhuman lizards, instead than big, lively, animate beings with fast metabolicrates ; some life scientists, nevertheless # 8211 ; notably Robert T. Bakker of The Johns HopkinsUniversity # 8211 ; assert that a immense dinosaur could non perchance have warmed up everymorning on a cheery stone and must hold relied on internal heat production. The reptilian dynasty collapsed before the stopping point of the Mesozoic Era.Relatively few of the Mesozoic reptilians have survived to modern times ; thoseremaining include the Crocodile, Lizard, serpent, and polo-neck. The cause of the declineand decease of the big array of reptilians is unknown, but their disappearing isusually attributed to some extremist alteration in environmental conditions. Like the elephantine reptilians, most line of descents of beings have finally becomeextinct, although some have non changed appreciably in 1000000s of old ages. Theopossum, for illustration, has survived about unchanged since the late CretaceousPeriod ( more than 65 million old ages ago ) , and the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus, is notvery different from fossils 500 million old ages old. We have no account for theunexpected stableness of such beings ; possibly they have achieved an almostperfect accommodation to a unchanging environment. Such stable signifiers, nevertheless, arenot at all dominant in the universe today. The human species, one of the dominantmodern life signifiers, has evolved quickly in a really short clip. The Rise of Mammals The diminution of the reptilians provided evolutionary chances for birds andmammals. Small and invisible during the Mesozoic Era, mammals rose tounquestionable laterality during the Cenozoic Era ( get downing 65 million yearsago ) . The mammals diversified into Marine signifiers, such as the giant, mahimahi, seal, and seahorse ; fossorial ( adapted to delving ) signifiers populating underground, such asthe mole ; winging and gliding animate beings, such as the chiropteran and winging squirrel ; andcursorial animate beings ( adapted for running ) , such as the Equus caballus. These variousmammalian groups are good adapted to their different manners of life, particularly bytheir extremities, which developed from common ascendants to go specializedfor swimming, flight, and motion on land. Although there is small superficial resemblance among the arm of a individual, the fin of a giant, and the wing of a chiropteran, a closer comparing of their skeletalelements shows that, bone for bone, they are structurally similar. Biologists regardsuch structural similarities, or homologies, as grounds of evolutionary relationships.The homologous limb castanetss of all four-legged craniates, for illustration, areassumed to be derived from the limb castanetss of a common ascendant. Biologists arecareful to separate such homologous characteristics from what they call analogousfeatures, which perform similar maps but are structurally different. Forexample, the wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly are correspondent ; both areused for flight, but they are wholly different structurally. Analogous constructions donot indicate evolutionary relationships. Closely related dodos preserved in uninterrupted sequences of stone stratahave allowed evolutionists to follow in item the development of many species as it hasoccurred over several million old ages. The lineage of the Equus caballus can be tracedthrough 1000s of dodo remains to a little terrier-sized animate being with four toes onthe front pess and three toes on the hind pess. This ascendant lived in the EoceneEpoch, approximately 54 million old ages ago. From dodos in the higher beds of stratifiedrock, the Equus caballus is found to hold bit by bit acquired its modern signifier by eventuallyevolving to a one-toed Equus caballus about like modern Equus caballuss and eventually to the modernhorse, which dates back about 1 million old ages. Decision TO EVOLUTION Although we are non wholly certain that development is how we got the manner weare now, it is a strong belief among many people today, and scientist are findingmore and more grounds to endorse up the evolutionary theory.

The Ultimate Gift Essay Essay Example

The Ultimate Gift Essay Essay Example The Ultimate Gift Essay Paper The Ultimate Gift Essay Paper Geting a gift is one of the many and fantastic worlds of life. Gift may be obtained from many beginnings and is given for assorted grounds hence its value is something that is treasured. However. beyond the touchable nature of gift are the significantly indispensable experiences and lessons that an person is able to deduce from it. Hence. gift affects the life of the receiver as it elicits different feelings and consequences to unmeasurable deductions. The complexness of today’s modern universe. nevertheless. manifests that gift is more apprehended by its virtue or how it is able to leave of import life messages. This is because it is merely through an effectual and traveling manifestation of life worlds and lessons that people are able to hold on the true significance or principle behind gift-giving. Gifts come in many ways. More valued than the material gifts are those that are given chiefly with an purpose to alter the life and values of the receiver. A concrete word picture of such status is the gift which was merely obtained by its receiver after he experienced a ambitious journey. The said travel is required in order for the individual to finally acquire his ultimate gift. En path to his finish. the adult male is in chase and able to happen himself therefore later offered a portion of him to others. In making so. the gifts which he obtained are the really same gifts that he offered and benefited the other receivers. Jim Stovall’s ( 2007 ) book titled â€Å"The Ultimate Gift† exemplified such status of gift-giving wherein the receiver had his personal realisation of the beauty of life. This acknowledgment of the value of gift itself and its worthwhile effects to one’s life made the chief receiver to adhere to a demand to portion the gifts he received intentionally to besides impact the lives of other people. The Ultimate Gift. an Overview Stovall’s symbolical and inspirational novel presented the character of a spoilt immature adult male named Jason Stevens who. neer in his life. experient life’s challenges until the decease of his great uncle – the affluent patriarch Howard â€Å"Red† Stevens ( Stovall ) . Jason is every bit avaricious as the remainder of the Stevens kin therefore the reading of the last will and testament of the asleep patriarch was intentionally done by lawyer-friend Theodore Hamilton in a manner that Jason will be left responsible to carry through the earnest hope of Red to work and seek for the ultimate gift. The fact that there is nil particular about Jason. being the great nephew of Red. made the latter choice him from among the full Stevens household and entrust him with a one billion dollar trust fund. However. Jason’s luck is hard-earned because before eventually acquiring his one million millions. he is required to carry through a status incorporating around 12 undertakings or duties which he needs to detect for himself and finally do for others. As Jason started his journey. he accidentally discovered the worlds and lessons of life by necessarily sing the many gifts of life until he was eventually faced with the ultimate gift which tells of the relationship between wealth and felicity ( Stovall 19 ) . Red’s designed program for Jason has proven its worth as the life and destiny of a antecedently irresponsible adult male. who anticipated that he will easy collects and spends his one million millions of heritage. was changed by a year-long challenge. As the singled-out and â€Å"the last trace of hope in the Stevens household. † ( Stovall 22 ) Jason was perceived by Red as the 1 who can light and turn something into a bally chase for the true significance of the gifts of life ( Stovall 22 ) . The patriarch’s attempts were non lost as Jason in the terminal. was reformed and shared the several gifts of life which he discovered and experienced. Last. Jason finally realized that the ultimate gift is the gift of love and felicity which merely the Creator can supply and which can merely be achieved when shared with others. Life Realities. Lessons and Gifts Stovall’s â€Å"The Ultimate Gift† is a concrete manifestation that jobs in life can be grounds or evidences for people to joy. In fact. life crisis can be taken as an chance or may really be a gift merely in camouflage. This is what the narrative of Jason has manifested. The disputing worlds enabled Jason to larn his lessons in life and finally acquire his ultimate gift – a gift which is intangible and that even a one billion dollar worth of trust fund can non embrace. The determination of helper Red to put aside a particular gift for Jason. which the latter can merely accomplish upon completion of a challenge. was worthwhile. This is because Jason was non merely faced with the worlds of life but learned life lessons as good and eventually got the ultimate gift. Due to the patriarch’s wisdom and love. he did non do Jason an instant billionaire and alternatively brought out the best in him being the lone staying leftover of hope for the Stevens kin ( Nuzzo ) . With Hamilton’s supervising. Red’s ultimate gift was handed over to Jason who subsequently learned of the inside informations of his great uncle’s program through a series of pre-recorded messages. The videotapes informed Jason of the challenge which he needs to make or carry through. In making so. Jason is faced with a sequence of trials which finally unleashed him on a hero-like mythic travel in hunt or chase of his ultimate gift. During the journey. Jason encountered jobs which challenged his beliefs. The obstructions. nevertheless. enabled Jason to turn and maturate piece at the same clip discovered the true significance and important of a well-lived being in this universe. The readers may happen the recorded messages and directives as excessively engineered. Fortunately for Red. the program had its intent while for Jason. it served as a worthwhile tool for his personal waking up and eventual realisation of the sugariness of accomplishing the ultimate gift. A critical analysis of the Stovall book explains the ground behind how the populace is swept off in the personal journey of Jason. This is because the readers. like Jason. are directed towards the chase and accomplishment of life’s ultimate gifts. The book. through Jason’s journey. is like a manifestation of life worlds. challenges. lessons where in the terminal lies or offers an resistless gift. In fact. the Stovall novel did non present major surprises or some enigmas. This is because simple worlds are normally the most brooding and at all times deserving retrieving ( Nuzzo ) . The narrative unconsciously presented the being of God and His gifts because it established the rule that life is the ultimate gift from the Creator. However. Stovall wrote the book in such a manner that it did non attest any signifier of religious philosophy or tenet. This is because the book’s worlds. lessons and gifts are general in nature. Additionally. the nucleus values and messages of life are relevant to individuals of any religious association and even to those with no spiritual association ( Nuzzo ) . One manifestation of the lesson learned by Jason is how he spent his $ 1. 500 net incomes. Not merely did Jason was able to work for his money but he besides discovered the gift of sharing it sagely with people who are in demand ( Stovall 44-46 ) . This portion showed how Jason got the ultimate gift which represented a moral motive every bit good as a important mode to relay nucleus values. rules and memorable life events which are decidedly needed by people. Decision The realisation of life lessons. which allowed Jason Stevens to value and use the many gifts that he acquired from his year-long challenge. has proven to be the ultimate gift that the asleep Red Stevens has reserved for his great nephew. In fact. it is non merely Jason who can profit from the ultimate gift which was presented by Stovall in a traveling novel. The 12 gifts and the ultimate gift which is the gift of felicity are contemplations of human lives. The book has merely manifested the gifts in a manner that it allows the reader to contemplate on the significance and application of each gift. As for Jason. he was fortunate that he accomplished the challenge and grasped the ultimate gift that wealth is undistinguished compared with the felicity of sharing good workss with other people. Plants Cited Nuzzo. Michele. â€Å"Life Lessons – A Book Review of The Ultimate Gift. † 2008.Ezine Articles.11 September 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles. com/ ? Life-Lessons- A-Book-Review-of-The-Ultimate-Gift A ; id=1265081 gt ; . Stovall. Jim.The Ultimate Gift.Colorado Spring. Colorado: David C. Cook Distribution. 2007.

Audit Evidence

Evidence – information used by the auditor to draw conclusions on the fair presentation of the financial statements. Audit objectives suggest the types of evidence to accumulate. II. Decisions on evidence accumulation A. Which audit procedures to use. General Objectives: Six TRAOs Eight BRAOs Four PDAOs Accounting Cycles: Five Management Assertions Specific Objectives: At least: Six TRAOs Eight BRAOs Four PDAOs Audit Procedures: At least one and likely more for each specific TRAO, BRAO, PDAOs Audit procedures frequently â€Å"cover† more than one audit objective! Select a sample of sales invoices and trace to the shipping document agreeing name and quantity. Preparation Question: What is an audit procedure? B. What sample size to select for a given procedure. C. Which items to select from the population. D. When to perform the procedures (timing). III. Audit Program Preparation Question: What is an audit program? IV. Persuasiveness of evidence Which audit procedures: A. Appropriateness 1. Relevance Example: Trace from sales invoices in the Sales Journal to shipping documents. B. Reliability 1. Independence of provider – 2. Effectiveness of client’s internal control structure (strong vs. weak) 3. Auditor’s direct knowledge 4. Qualifications of provider 5. Objectivity What sample size and which items: C. Sufficient 1. Likelihood of misstatements 2. Quality of internal control When to perform D. Timeliness Other factors: E. Combined effect F. Cost 2 V. Type of Evidence Preparation question: Enter key words that define each of the types of evidence listed. Type Definition Grade 1. Physical examination 2. Confirmation 3. Documentation: External Internal – good Internal – bad 4. Analytical procedures: Tailored Broad 5. Inquiries of the client 6. Recalculation 7. Reperformance 8. Observation In-class exercise: Audit Procedure 1. Examine supporting documents for cash disbursements several days before and after year-end. 2. Examine the acquisitions and cash disbursements journals for the last few days of the current period and first few days of the succeeding period, looking for large or unusual transactions. 3. Trace from the general ledger trail balance and supporting documentation to determine whether accounts payable, related parties, and other related assets and liabilities are properly included on the financial statements. 4. For liabilities that are payable in a foreign currency, determine the exchange rate and check calculations. 5. Discuss with the bookkeeper whether any amounts included on the accounts payable list are due to related parties, debit balances, or notes payable. 6. Obtain vendors’ statements from the controller and reconcile to the listing of accounts payable. 7. Obtain vendors’ statements directly from vendors and reconcile to the listing of account payable. 8. Obtain a list of accounts payable. Re-add and compare with the general ledger. Type of Evidence BRAOs 3 Example of writing/creating audit procedures: Situation: The following depicts the document flow for sales for a typical company. Customer/ Sales Order Bill of Lading Sales Invoice Sales Journal General Ledger Financial Statements General Objective TRAO – Occurrence Specific Objective Audit Procedures TRAO – Completeness See Table 7-6 (p. 187) for good â€Å"buzz† words to use when constructing an audit procedure.

Approaches to studying climate disease connection; policy implications Assignment

Approaches to studying climate disease connection; policy implications of health, climate, extreme weather - Assignment Example There also exist the climate-inspired predictive approaches of transmission of diseases deemed infectious. Each approach adds value to the expansion of the inter-field efforts that aim to highlight influence of climatic changes and intense weather patterns on distribution of infectious diseases and trends of transmission. Chapter 4 analyses the implications of policies formulated and implemented in relation to the health effects of climatic changes and extreme weather occurrences. These policies are based on the basis of human mobility and patterns of migration of infectious diseases and as expected, the policies and mitigation efforts need to adopt more process-connected approaches rather than reaction/outcome based approaches. However, challenges touch on the public health implementations that seek to address climatic change implications and long overdue spotlight on single-disease threats as opposed to ‘long-term and systematic stresses’ that yield wide ranges of health implications. The above named website was created by the Climate Change Connection which is a Non-Governmental Organization that aims at educating people about climatic changes and also facilitates climate dynamic

Alchohol as a Fuel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alchohol as a Fuel - Essay Example The burning characteristics of methanol entail bright blue flame. Methanol is also a colorless liquid, which is very volatile. The odor of methanol is unique and distinctive. The burning characteristic of methanol is bright white flame (Yant, 2012). The paper also studies the physical effects between ethanol and methanol. Ethanol is the main ingredient of fermented beverages and also distilled alcoholic drinks. People who ingest ethanol experience the intoxication feeling. However, the consumers of ethanol can vomit or suffer from alcohol poisoning after taking large volumes of the substance. On the contrary, methanol must never be inhales, ingested or contact the skin. Small doses of the substance are very harmful. Ingesting small doses can highly cause blindness, and in worse scenarios be fatal. Ethanol is used in the production of alcoholic beverages. This is due to its intoxicating effects. The substance is also utilized as a category of alternative fuel. The alternative fuel is mainly produced using sugarcane and corn by products. Specially designed cars, mostly in the United States, utilize approximately 85% ethanol fuel. Ethanol fuel is also used in rocket fuel. Antiseptic characteristics of the substance ensure its usage in the production of hand gels and antibacterial wipes. Ethanol is a god solvent, hence greatly used as a base for different categories of paints and perfumes (Smith & Snyder, 2008). On the other hand, methanol is mainly used in the generation of other chemicals like formaldehyde. The substance is very desirable as fuel for the stunt and race vehicles. This is because it is not as flammable as gasoline, and water can distinguish its flame easily. Small quantities of methanol are used in the manufacture of denatured alcohol, plus also the production of solvents. The two substances react differently with water. Ethanol and water easily combine to produce homogeneous solution; hence miscible in water. But methanol

Biogeochemical Cycles Essay Example for Free

Biogeochemical Cycles Essay With environmental rhetoric gaining increasing currency in the contemporary zeitgeist, it is commonly supposed that we have a moral responsibility to protect ecosystems and conserve biodiversity, particularly from the ecologically devastating impacts of a human civilization that depends on industrial systems and the capitalization of natural resources. Simply put, conventional thinking suggests that man must protect the environment from his own destructive tendencies, and that this moral responsibility is maintained as the sole reason why governments should implement protective measures on behalf of ecosystems. However, by maintaining that moral and ethical responsibility as the reason behind conservation and biodiversity protection, we also risk overlooking the pragmatic and intelligent justification that provide strong reasons that can harness substantial political will and societal momentum to the environmental movement: That ecosystems provide a variety of services and resources ranging from pollination to water treatment, beneficial to human and non-human life, at little to no expense. (Schroeder, 2007) As Emily Goodwin maintains in a discussion of the importance of natural capital, â€Å"we need to include a very frank discussion of what we get from the Earth,† with a goal of â€Å"[maintaining] the functions and services they provide, such as flood protection, clean water, and clean air.† (Steffen, Levitt Kuck, 2008) Governments should therefore take the initiative to protect ecosystems, simply because it makes good sense to do so, regardless of whether one feels a moral obligation to the planet or one is committed a sublime ethicality in personal impacts. As Tobis (2007) observes, the drive to live sustainably, to protect natural assets and the compulsion to limit consumption, while viewed by some as a negative responsibility and one that has effectively hindered the momentum of the environmental movement, is also a set of principles that makes economic sense. Measures to protect ecosystems means that governments recognize the economic finitude of natural capital, as well as the economic boons that ecosystems naturally provide. REFERENCES Schroeder, K. (2007, August 12) â€Å"Colonizing Planet Earth.† Worldchanging. Retrieved on December 22, 2008 from: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007092.html Steffen, A; Levitt, J; Kuck, S. (2008, November 28) â€Å"The Future of Public Lands in the United States.† Worldchanging. Retrieved on December 22, 2008 from: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives//009077.html Tobis, M. (2007, April 30) â€Å"My little world (and yours, too).† Grist. Retrieved on December 22, 2008 from: http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/4/29/195245/792

Growing Up in Araby by James Joyce and Boys and Girls by Alice Munro Es

Growing Up in Araby by James Joyce and Boys and Girls by Alice Munro In the stories â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce, and â€Å"Boys and Girls† by Alice Munro, there is a common theme of growing up. In both of these stories the characters came to a realization of who they were and what they wanted to be. They both are of the age when reality strikes and priorities take on meaning. The characters in both stories evolve through rites of passage but the way in which these revolutions occur differ with each character. These stories can be seen as different from each other in many ways. The young boy lives in a house in a suburban area without a mother or a father, but with guardians. He has a group of friends nearby he hangs out with. Though, he has no siblings. His revelation lets him realize the finer things in life, like women. He finds his friends are boring and no longer wants to play. Also, he obsesses over the young girl across the street in an unhealthy way. It almost seems as if he could grow to be a psychopath. He follows behind her on the way to school, waits for her before school, and watches her from his door. The young girl on the other hand, lives in the outskirts of town, if not pure country. She does not play with anybody but a younger brother she has. She worships her father and neglects her mother. She also has no respect for her mother, although later in the story, she goes on about all the hard work she does. Unlike the boy, the young girl is kept occupied with lots of...

Fine Art Essay

Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. Art was originally used to refer to a skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences (â€Å"Art,† 2013, para. 1). Around the 17th century, a shift in modern art began to develop into fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts (â€Å"Art,† 2013). Sketch aesthetics, also known as esquisses, are preparatory sketches or paintings to quickly capture the idea of a painting (Myers, N. , (2000-2013). The aesthetic of the sketch in the nineteenth-century France). This process was used frequently throughout the time of fine art. The Raft of Medusa by Gericault, and Mount Sainte-Victoria broke traditional fine arts when they combined it with applied arts, which is the application of design to objects of everyday use (â€Å"Applied Arts, 2013). The Raft of the Medusa is an oil painting of 1818–1819 by the French Romantic painter and Lithographer Theodore Gericault (1791–1824) (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013). Gericault undertook extensive research and produced many preparatory sketches. He interviewed two of the survivors, and constructed a detailed scale model of the raft. His efforts took him to morgues and hospitals where he could view, first-hand, the colour and texture of the flesh of the dying and dead (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013, para. 2). This portrait depicts the essence of the gruesome fight that occurred at this naval appointment which was on widely controversial topic concerning the competence of the Ministry of Navy. Although The Raft of the Medusa retains elements of the traditions of history painting, in both its choice of subject matter and its dramatic presentation, it represents a break from the calm and order of the then-prevailing neoclassical school (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013, para. 3). Mount Sainte-Victoria is a series of oil paintings by the French artist Paul Cezanne (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013). This landscape is an iconic mountain in southern France that overlooks the Aix-en Provence. Cezanne often included a sketch of a railroad that ran alongside the mountain in his paintings. Cezanne praised the Mont Sainte-Victoire, which he viewed from the train while passing through the railway bridge at Arc River Valley and soon he began the series wherein he topicalized this mountain (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013, para. 2). Cezanne was skilled at analysis. He used geometry to describe nature, and used different colors to represent the depth of objects (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013). As I can concisely conclude that the Raft of Medusa by Gericault and Mount Sainte-Victoria, in both their choice of subject matter and their presentation, they represent a break from fine arts. These major breakthroughs lead to much criticism, but ultimately led to the rapid change of development in fine arts that influence today’s ideas. These paintings and painters will remain revolutionary topics for years to come. Works Cited:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art

Analysis Of genres Essay

‘Genre’ is a French term meaning â€Å"type† or â€Å"kind†. Putting things into categories is useful in any form of study; it’s a way of establishing some kind of control over an amorphous mass of information. Each medium in the mass media has its own kinds of language, characteristic signs and sign systems. Genre is part of the Key Concept of Language, and can be applied to all kinds of media text. Putting media texts such as film, television programmes, print media, or music into categories is useful as a way of establishing some kind of control over an amorphous mass of information. Each genre follows its own kinds of conventions – language, characteristic signs and sign systems. However, genres are fluid and not fixed and under constant renegotiation between media industry and audience through the combination of the familiar and the unexpected. The standard approach to teaching genre in film and television is to focus on the common codes and conventions. Looking at film posters, trailers or short scene extracts will quickly enable students to identify similarities and differences in characters, location, stories and familiar objects (the iconography). Repeated narrative patterns can be observed and beyond this the recurring theme which leads to exploration of shared ideological messages. For the study of magazines the categorisation might be based on definitions of target audiences – age, gender, ethnicity, class etc. The History and Evolution of Genres Genre analysis also includes understanding the evolution of a genre over time. Genres change and develop because of changes in the culture or historical period in which the genre is being produced. The Western solo hero who was popular in the 1940s and 1950s evolved into the group of heroes in the 1960s and 1970s with Rawhide and Bonanza—shows that reflected a shift in the workplace to that of the group in the corporation or company during that time. And, with the increasing interest in urban crime and international espionage in the 1970s and 1980s, the Western was replaced by the police/detective and the spy/thriller genres. Genres also gain popularity with certain audiences who seek out these genres given the historical or cultural forces operating in a certain period. During the Great Depression, audiences flocked to movie houses to view Hollywood romantic comedies as a way of escaping the grim realities of everyday lives characterized by poverty and deprivation. The nature of the threat in science fiction movies also shifts to reflect changes in fears or threats facing societies. During the 1930s and 1940s, Americans expressed racial fears, as manifested in the rise of the Klu Klux Klan, and in the film, King Kong. During the 1990s, with the increased production of films and the control of media conglomerates over the types of films being made, an increasing number of formulaic genre films were produced. Film studios needed to attract large audiences in order to make a return profit on the millions they invested in high-production, special-effects films, so they turned to safe, familiar genres and sequels. As Wheeler Dixon (2000) argues: What audiences today desire more than ever before is â€Å"more of the same,† and studios, scared to death by rising production and distribution costs, are equally loathe to strike out in new generic directions. Keep audiences satisfied, strive to maintain narrative closure at all costs, and keep within the bounds of heterotopic romance, no matter what genre one is ostensibly working in. Yet, at the same time, the studios must present these old fables in seductive new clothing, with high budgets, major stars, lavish sets, and (if the genre demands it) unremitting action to disguise the second-hand nature of the contemporary genre film (p. 8). Film versus television genres. There are some important differences between film and television genres. Film genres (see list below) tend to be more general, for example, the western, action/adventure, comedy, horror, science fiction, etc., while television genres (see list below) are often specialized, for example, cooking shows, sports-talk shows, children’s animation, etc. A film that is representative of a certain film genre also tends to be selfenclosed—the conflicts are often resolved within the film, even with film sequels. In contrast, a television genre program tends to be part of a serial, in which a storyline may continue and develop or characters may evolve across different programs. There are a wide range of different types of film genres: detective, action/adventure, mystery,  science fiction, horror, gangster, romance, comedy, musical, comedy, animation, detective, spy thriller, as well as specific television genres: game show, prime-time drama, sports broadcast, soap opera, musical, medical drama, news, pro-wrestling, reality-television, talkshow. It is often difficult to identify a particular movie or television show as a primary example of a particular genre because a movie or show may contain elements reflecting different genres. 1. Soap operas: Soap-opera is the most popular form of television programming in the world. A large proportion of television viewers watch and enjoy soap-operas. Soap-operas dominate the national audience ratings over other programmes that are telecast. Soaps in general have a predominantly female audience, and in fact at least 30% of the audiences for this soap are male. The main interest for men was in business relations and problem and the power and wealth shown, whereas women were more often interested in the family issues and love affairs. Soaps appeal to those who value the personal and domestic world. There is no doubt that viewing and talking with family and friends about soap operas is experienced by many women as a pleasurable experience. Women are stereotyped in soap operas but the image of the modern women has changed. From being a submissive, quiet, obedient housewife, she has grown and evolved into a strong individual. She not excels in her profession but is also an able homemaker. Soaps create a world dominated by interpersonal relationship, where characters discuss marital, romantic and family problems. There is little physical violence or crime. The soap opera world seems emotionally hazardous-mainly because of the continual sorting and resorting of relationships. PORTRAYAL IN SOAP OPERAS Though not as strongly as in earlier years, the portrayal of both men and women on television is largely traditional and stereotypical. This serves to promote a polarization of gender roles. With femininity are associated traits such as emotionality, carefulness, cooperation, a shared sense, and obedience. Masculinity tends to be associated with such traits as wisdom,  efficiency, competition, individualism and ruthlessness. Most significantly though, soap opera’s concern with the everyday lives of everyday people and their problems, big and small, appears to be one of the main reasons why this genre is so popular. 2. The Talk Show: The television talk show consists of four different subgenres: 1) The morning talk shows 2) The day-time talk: some of which are characterized as â€Å"tabloid† or the â€Å"confessional† talk show, as well as â€Å"courtroom† shows. 3) prime-time/late-night talk show 4) Political talk shows 1. The morning and prime-time/late shows retain a consistent format established by early hosts in the 1950s through 1970s: for the morning shows identifies five characteristics of this subgenre: †¢ The centrality of the host. The program revolves around the host as the central figure of the program. The host often has control over the show’s content and guest selection. The host is often supported by others who laughed at his jokes and provided an immediate conversational audience. The hosts often serve as commodities for their networks—functioning to promote not only their shows, but also the network itself and other products. †¢ The present-tense flow. Even though the shows are pre-taped, they are highly structured in ways that create the illusion that they are occurring â€Å"live† in present time for the viewer audience. †¢ Varied modes of address. The host is simultaneously addressing a range of different audiences: the immediate audience on stage (guests, co-hosts), their studio audience, and the viewer audience, all in ways that serve to engage the viewer audience as the intimate â€Å"you. † †¢ The commodity function. The show serves not only as an advertising vehicle, but it also serves to promote the celebrities who appear on the show. Stars of television programs on the same network often appear as guests to promote those network programs. †¢ Structured impulsiveness. Despite the seemingly spontaneous nature of the program, a large cast of writers, producers, celebrating agents, and technical people construct a scripted, semi-rehearsed production that adheres to time constraints and certain publicity messages they wish to convey. Recently talk show hosts have functioned to provide their own versions of daily news events for their relatively younger audiences who may not be acquiring news from other sources. 2. The day-time â€Å"tabloid†/†confessional† shows are often organized around particularly themes or topics often related to interpersonal conflicts, health, beauty—and, on the tabloid shows. The increased popularity of â€Å"courtroom† shows dramatizes personal or family conflicts within a seemingly legal area. These shows attempt to actively promote conflicts between participants, often resulting in arguments, taunts, and physical fights. They also engage audience members as players in these conflicts, asking them to create alliances between the conflicting participants. These shows’ focus on dramatic conflict between participants serves to overlap with the conflicts portrayed in soap opera (see soap opera) and reality television. The â€Å"confessional† shows focus more on having participant’s articulate personal problems that are then addressed by an â€Å"expert† or by the host as a moral guide . The prevailing discourse of these shows is healing—the assumption that through â€Å"talking-out† issues and improving interpersonal relationships, problems can be solved, a discourse that masks the influence of institutional forces. 3. The political talk show often features competing political perspectives from what is described as the â€Å"liberal† and the â€Å"conservative† side, in which participants argue with each other in a highly dramatic, combative manner with little contextualization or development of ideas. Moreover, the â€Å"guests† who appear on Sunday morning talk shows generally represent status quo institutional perspectives and are largely white males. 3. Advertising: Media employ specific techniques to construct believable stories. They hook our attention through psychological devices and technical effects. The techniques are vast and many, but some common ones are easily recognizable and are identified here. Remember, advertisers will use many techniques not listed. Add to this list as needed. Technical effects: †¢ Camera angles enhance perspective, such as low angles that give the subject power. †¢ Close-ups provide emphasis. †¢ Sound effects animate products, giving them emotion. †¢ Mise-en-scene (set and setting inside camera frame) creates cultural and ideological context. Is the set a concert, a hall, a shopping mall? †¢ Accessories enhance the product. What’s being associated with the product, such as clothes, props, models? †¢ Lighting is used to draw your eye to certain details. †¢ Happy and attractive people are made-up and constructed to enhance the message. What kinds of people are in the ad? †¢ Music, popular songs and jingles create pneumonic devices to program or trigger your memory (some songs are used for nostalgic reasons, while others are used to cross promote products, i. e. cars and latest album). †¢ Products are sold using three main emotions: fear, sex and humour. Ads appeal to our emotions through emotional transfer and are rarely dependent on intellectual analysis. †¢ Special effects bring inanimate things to life and make them exciting. This is especially true with children-targeted ads. †¢ Editing is used to pace and generate excitement. Notice how military and video game ads have very fast cuts, usually a scene change every second. Common Attention-Getting Hooks: †¢ Emotional Transfer is the process of generating emotions in order to transfer them to a product. For example, a Coke ad shows happy, beautiful people but tells us nothing about the product. The point is to make you feel good and to transfer that feeling to the brand or product. This is the number one and most important process of media manipulation. †¢ Fear messages are directed at our insecurities, such as â€Å"no one will like you if you have dandruff,† or â€Å"bald people are losers. † This is a very common technique and extra attention is required to resist these messages. †¢ Symbols are easily recognized elements from our culture that generate powerful emotions, such as flags and crosses. †¢ Humour is often used because it makes us feel good and is more memorable. †¢ Hype, don’t believe it. Be skeptical of exaggerated claims. Statements like these are meaningless and vague, but sound good. †¢ Fitting In is a very common technique that tries to influence us by stating that if everyone else is buying the product, so should you. †¢ Cute. Children and animals always steal the show. †¢ Vague Promises like â€Å"might,† â€Å"maybe,† and â€Å"could† divert our attention. â€Å"Super Glue may heal cuts better than Band-Aids,† sounds absurd, but you will often hear claims as absurd as this and it would still be true (because it can’t be disproved). †¢ Testimonials are statements by people explaining why certain products are great. Famous or plain folk or actors can do them. This is more powerful when someone we really like or respect endorses a product. â€Å"Beautiful† people are usually used to glamorize merchandise, especially unhealthy products like alcohol, tobacco and junk food. Models and actors generally don’t represent average people, but idealized notions of beauty that are constantly changing. †¢ Famous People such as Michael Jordan make products appealing and attractive through association. †¢ Ordinary People are people that might be like you or me. This is common in ads that stress community or family. †¢ It’s Easy. Simple solutions are often used to convince us that a product will solve our problems. †¢ Macho is generally used to appeal to males, but not exclusively. It demonstrates masculinity and male stereotypes; these are common in military and tobacco ads. †¢ Femininity is another gender stereotype used in a variety of ads, from teen make-up commercials to alcohol ads. †¢ Repetition is done to reiterate a sales pitch over and over again, like the phone ads that repeatedly display and annunciate the phone number to access their service †¢ Big Lies are exaggerated promises that are impossible to deliver. †¢ Exotic. This is the appeal of the â€Å"other†; it could be a beach location, tribal person, something strange or unknown. This is often meant to hook you through presenting something that is out of the ordinary or beyond our everyday experience. †¢ Flattery is used to make you feel good about you as a consumer and that you are making the right choice when you chose a product. † †¢ Social Outcasts generally represents a put-down or demeaning comment about a competing product or cultural group. This is not limited to ads, but is common in propaganda as well (â€Å"they don’t believe in God,† etc. ). †¢ Free Lunch offers you something in addition to the product such as â€Å"buy one, get one free† or tax cuts. Freebies constantly hook us, but there are always hidden costs. Rarely is a thing truly free. †¢ Surrealism. Commercial media employ some of the brightest minds of the media world and often require cutting edge artists to keep their material fresh (e. g. MTV). Often, as a reflection of how unreal the fantasy world of media is, you will see juxtapositions and dreamlike imagery that make no sense because the advertiser is trying to get your attention by presenting something strange and different. †¢ The Good Old Days. Images, fashion, film effects and music depicting specific eras or subcultures are meant to appeal directly to the demographic represented in the ad. †¢ Culture. Niche marketing is more common as advertisers hone their messages for specific cultural groups. Latino-targeted ads, for instance, might have family scenes or specific uses of language. 4. Music: Form – most (not all) music involves some repetition, and we find some patterns recurring in many pieces. In other words, you will need to consider the elements below for EACH melody in your song (i.e. , the elements that characterize the A melody, again for the B melody, etc. ) Be aware that even if a melody (tune) is repeated, there may be changes – a chorus might sing what a soloist sang the first time, etc. , and a good analysis will account for those changes. †¢ Melody (Melodies) †¢ Tempo(s) – literally ‘speed. ‘ Using Italian terminology, how fast or slow is this tune? Are there changes in the tempo? Are they gradual or abrupt changes? Do you feel the tempo in this particular performance is appropriate for the lyrics or mood? If not, should it be faster or slower? Who seems responsible for establishing the tempo? †¢ Dynamic level(s) – literally ‘volume’—how loud (forte) or soft (piano) is this piece? Dynamics tend to fluctuate a lot in music, so how does this particularly piece progress? Are changes sudden or gradual? †¢ Mood – the â€Å"emotional† atmosphere of the song. This is a subjective assessment, but it should be supported by some of your other answers on this page. Sad songs, for example, usually aren’t very fast! †¢ Lyrics – how would you describe the poetry? Is it continually changing, or do you hear a lot of repetition of text? Do the words seem ‘important,’ or is the emphasis on the melody? How frequent are the rhymes? Is there patter singing? †¢ Medium – the performers needed for the piece (both vocal and instrumental! Don’t forget to notice any instruments or voices used in the accompaniment! ) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Text Setting Text Expression – has the composer crafted the music (tempo, dynamics, etc. ) to be appropriate to the meaning of the poetry? Does s/he use any devices such as wordpainting? Rhythm – Is the rhythm prominent? (Are your toes tapping? ) Can you tell what the meter is? What is the subdivision? Why might the composer have chosen this meter or subdivision? Do you notice other rhythmic devices, such as dotted rhythms or syncopation? Texture(s) – Does the texture change at any point in the piece? What’s the most prominent texture in the song? Mode – is the mode major or minor at the beginning of this piece? Does it change at any point? Is the mode appropriate for the poetry? Style – does the music seem to fall under a particular style label (i. e. jazz, swing, rap, ballad, rock, operatic, blues, gospel, etc. )? What other elements create this style? (Text setting, instrumentation, etc. ) Type – some songs can be classified as functioning in a typical way—such as soliloquies, charm songs, comedy songs, vision songs, challenge songs, â€Å"I want† songs, love songs, patriotic songs, etc. Does this song belong to a recognizable category? (Not all songs fit into these sorts of classifications. ) Action/Dance – does this song structured so that it contains some sort of staged action or dance? Is the action in the background, or does the singer(s) participate? Describe the setting as best you can.