RES Subglacial Mapping for Extraterrestrial Colonization

RES Subglacial Mapping for Extraterrestrial Colonization RES Subglacial Mapping Used to Assess Extraterrestrial Colonization Eric Phelan Fruitful colonization of another planet includes innumerable factors being tended to before mission dispatch. Water, being basic to continuing human life, must be accessible in sizable amounts so as to build up a productive, long haul province. Be that as it may, even with water filtration frameworks working at 100% productivity, a feasible local wellspring of water must be distinguished on the planet if the settlement is ever expected to succeed. Radio Echo Sounding may give an answer for this issue. Presentation Radio Echo Sounding, Ice Penetrating Radar, or all the more regularly Radioglaciology, has been utilized for a long time to delineate subsurface of ice sheets the whole way across the globe. From huge gorge to pockets of caught volcanic debris, RES has been a significant instrument in seeing how ice sheets structure and what they contain. In later years, considers have been directed on the distinguishing proof of subglacial lakes. These outcomes may demonstrate important when finding suitable and constant wellsprings of water on in any case forsaken planets. We have just recognized enormous ice tops on Mars [1] and that Jupiter’s Satellite, Europa, is canvassed in water ice [2]. We have even found little pockets of ice in cavities on the moon [3]. The issue is that we should by one way or another concentrate usable water from these areas. It would be excessively expensive and wasteful to ceaselessly liquefy ice for use, so the following choice is to recognize pockets of new wa ter in the ice. Radioglaciology gets us one bit nearer to recognizing perfect settlement areas by first finding huge subglacial lakes. These subsurface new water bodies could give simply enough water to a settlement to develop consistently and thrive. While researchers use RES here on Earth, we get one bit nearer to colonization of different planets. Greenland: Beneath the Ice As right on time as 1964, propelled RES methods were being utilized in Greenland to delineate subsurface underneath the mile thick ice sheet. [4] Simply a year ago, RES reviews helped make a revelation of enormous extents. A ravine 50 percent longer than Arizona’s Grand Canyon was found winding its route north toward Petermann Glacier [5][6]. This permitted researchers to extrapolate subsurface stream information demonstrating that looking underneath the outside of the ice on our own reality conveys incredibly significant data that we in any case would have neglected to procure. In the event that we can discover antiquated stream frameworks and lakes on Earth utilizing this strategy, it ought to be suitable on different planets. Antarctica: The Hostile Habitat As more research groups investigate Antarctica, the utilization of RES looking over is getting progressively broad. The idea that is being tried here is that fluid water can shape underneath these ice sheets because of the bed being above water’s pressure softening point. These reviews have discovered 379 lakes in Antarctica almost 4000 meters underneath the ice [7]. While researchers are presently progressively keen on discovering life that phenomenally gotten away from termination 35 million years back, these lakes likewise are significant in deciding if different planets may have enough fluid water housed in their ice tops to help a human populace. In spite of the fact that the mainstream and most usually utilized procedure of RES overviews utilizes planes with radio hardware, satellites are likewise reasonable instruments for the activity. A satellite sent in circle around a planet can outline washes in ice bed covers that are demonstrative of subsurface water developments. The more developments there are, the more dynamic the lakes and waterways are underneath the surface. Realizing this can assist us with deciding if lakes are recharging rapidly or have a constrained wellspring of water. As Antarctica is seemingly the most threatening surface condition on Earth, it is a decent preparing ground for setting up an extraterrestrial province. Presentation to the nasty climate can make irreversible harm the human body in practically no time, testing the limits of what our innovation and potential settlers can deal with. Building up penetrating undertakings to remove water from these subglacial lakes might be the regular â€Å"next step† in deciding our ability to make due on different planets. On the off chance that we can figure out how to ship fluid water from 2.5 miles underneath the surface to a station above, we will have verified an innovation that could some time or another be utilized on different universes. Space Colonization Figure 3: Artist’s origination of a moon base http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_colonization The moon is a reasonable first contender for space colonization. With the disclosure of huge convergences of solidified water in profound cavities on the moon in 2009 [3], mankind may have more motivating force than any time in recent memory to build up a settlement there. With the capacity to discover pockets of water in these ice pits, we are well headed to finding a reasonable area on the lunar surface to set up another home. RES studies of the moon can be directed from Earth’s surface, yet for more noteworthy goals we should draw nearer. Putting RES satellites in circle around the moon would permit us to pinpoint fluid water get to spots. A similar procedure would be reasonable on Mars and, in the long run, Europa. In the event that we can set up a steady state on the moon first, however, we will be one bit nearer to arriving at our maximum capacity as an animal varieties. End The quantity of planets out in space is vast. On the off chance that lone a small amount of them had water ice on a superficial level, it would free us up to incalculable prospects. With the progression of RES innovations, we will one day have the option to identify water in places that we would have in any case missed. Discovering pockets of water covered far below the ice on Mars or Europa utilizing RES procedures would go far toward growing humanity’s venture into the known universe. We could at long last build up states on planets that were once thought to be difficult to get to. It might be the stuff of sci-fi today, however some time or another later on this information will be utilized by designers and draftsmen to design out enormous scope cityscapes that help a great many lives. It would be the beginning of another brilliant age for human development, and every last bit of it made conceivable through the progression of RES advances. [1] Bibring, J., Langevin, Y., Poulet, F., Gendrin, An., al, e. (2004). Perpetual water ice recognized in the south polar top of blemishes. Nature, 428(6983), 627-30. Recovered from http://search.proquest.com/docview/204531038?accountid=14503 [2] Chyba, C. F., Phillips, C. B. (2002). Europa as a dwelling place of life. Starting points of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 32(1), 47-68. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013958519734 [3] Cowen, R. (2009, Oct 24). The soggy moon: Team discovers water on lunar surface. Science News, 176, 10. Recovered from http://search.proquest.com/docview/197505984?accountid=14503 [4] TURCHETTI, S., DEAN, K., NAYLOR, S., SIEGERT, M. (2008). Mishaps and openings: A past filled with the radio reverberation sounding of antarctica, 1958-79. English Journal for the History of Science, 41(3), 417-444. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007087408000903 [5] Wayman, E. (2013, Oct 05). Presenting. Science News, 184, 4. Recovered from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1441704876?accountid=14503 [6] Oskin, B. (2013, August 29). Excellent Canyon of Greenland Discovered Under Ice Sheet. LiveScience. Recovered from http://www.livescience.com/39289-greenland-longest-gorge discovered.html [7] Davies, B. (n.d.). Antarctic subglacial lakes. antarcticglaciers.org. Recovered from http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/present day icy masses/subglacial-lakes/ [8] Space colonization. (n.d.). Princeton University. Recovered from https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Space_colonization.html

Separation of Mixtures and Solids

In the wake of social occasion all the material expected to lead these examinations, the main analysis was started. The blend of solids was weighed out just as the 10cm square bit of paper and the gauging dish. The blend was extend out in a far layer on a bit of paper, the magnet was wrapped with clear plastic and the magnet was disregarded the blend a few times to expel the iron from the mixture.The iron was set on the 10cm square paper and gauged. The following stage was to isolate out the sand. The sand was put in the measuring utencil with 50mL of water and warmed to near bubbling. The hot fluid was filled a Styrofoam cup and another 10mL of refined water was added to the measuring utencil and again it was warmed to approach bubbling and filled a similar Styrofoam cup. The subsequent warming was to guarantee all the sodium chloride and benzoic corrosive was expelled from the sand.The Styrofoam cup was put into an ice shower, the benzoic corrosive started solidifying in the ice sh ower as it began cooling. The sand in the measuring utencil was warmed cautiously to permit it to dry. After the sand was dried it was gauged. The benzoic corrosive and salt were isolated. A channel paper was embedded in the pipe and the cup with the salt and benzoic corrosive was filled the pipe. A graduated chamber with 5mL of water was embedded into the ice shower; this was filled the channel to wipe out any of the sodium chloride that may have been missed.The channel paper was spread out on a few paper towels to dry. After the channel paper has dried it will be gauged and the heaviness of the channel paper will be deducted from the aggregate to acquire the specific measure of the benzoic corrosive. The paper cup of sodium chloride was put aside to permit it to dry. When it is dry it will be gauged and the heaviness of the paper cup will be deducted to acquire the heaviness of theâ sodium chloride.GramsPercent of MixtureTotalsSand5.4g54%54% Iron0.9g9%63% Dried Sand1.2g12%75% Sal t1.8g18%93% Benzoic Acid0.7g7%100%DiscussionI can see space for mistake while spilling the water out of the measuring utencil a portion of the sand could be spilled out with it, consequently making an incorrect consequence of dried sand. There is likewise the chance of a portion of the benzoic corrosive and sodium chloride staying in the measuring utencil, stalling out to the sides and again making an incorrect outcome for these two blends. At the point when the water is poured through the paper in the channel a portion of the benzoic corrosive could stay in the sodium chloride which would make another incorrect sum for the benzoic acid.The iron could be marginally erroneous because of the way that it was impractical to get each and every piece off the cling wrap and into the dish, despite the fact that the extremely little pieces might not have meant a lot of it may have added to a mistaken sum. The underlying sand weight is the most exact; there was no space for blunder there.Ques tions1.How did your proposed methodology or stream outlines toward the start of this examination contrast with the real strategies of this lab work out? I realized the iron could be evacuated with a magnet. I wasn’t sure how to evacuate the sodium chloride and benzoic corrosive. 2.Discuss potential advantaged or hindered of your proposed technique contrasted with the one really utilized. The main preferred position to my system was utilizing the magnet to evacuate the iron. I didn’t realize how to evacuate the sodium chloride or benzoic corrosive. 3.How would you clarify a sand recuperation rate that is higher than the first sand percentage?Perhaps you didn’t evacuate all the iron out or there was still some sodium chloride or benzoic corrosive despite everything left in the sand. 4.What were potential wellsprings of blunder in this analysis? When spilling water out of the recepticle a portion of the sand could be spilled out with it. There is likewise theâ pos sibility of a portion of the benzoic corrosive and sodium chloride staying in the measuring glass, stalling out to the sides and again making an incorrect outcome for these two mixtures.When the water is poured through the paper in the pipe a portion of the benzoic corrosive could stay in the sodium chloride which would make another off base sum for the benzoic corrosive. The iron could be somewhat wrong because of the way that it was impractical to get each and every piece off the cling wrap and into the dish, despite the fact that the exceptionally little pieces might not have indicated a lot of it may have added to a mistaken sum.

Where is Andorra and other FAQs about my IAP

Where is Andorra and other FAQs about my IAP January in Andorra FAQ When I tell people that I spent January in Andorra, their first question is usually Whats Andorra? Its a question Ive gotten pretty good at answering over the past couple of months. So Ive decided to compile an FAQ. January in Andorra FAQ Whats Andorra? Andorra is a tinnnnnyyy little country in Europe. Its about double the size of Boston by area and about a tenth of the size by population. So by U.S. standards, it probably wouldnt even qualify as a city. Where is it? Up in the Pyrenees, right between Spain and France! Wait, you still dont see it? Its there, I promise! The country is actually split into 7 parishes, or small towns, which you can see in the map above: Ordino, Canillo, La Massana, Encamp, Escaldes, Andorra la Vella, and Sant Julià. Fun fact: if youre a fan of alpine skiing, the World Cup finals are being held in Andorra in a few days, so youll be able to see it in on TV! And Ill be participating! Jk, as you can probably tell from my stance in this picture Im nowhere near good enough. This is one of the world cup ski slopes! pista Copa del Món means World Cup ski slope in Catalan. Are you sure its a country? Yes! Well technically its a principality, or according to Wikipedia, a sovereign microstate. Its definitely not just a city. Its a member of the United Nations, and although its not a member of the EU, the euro is the national currency. There are even Andorran euros! One of a special series of euros printed with the Andorran seal. On the seal, you can see symbols representing the two co-princes of Andorra (keep reading to learn about the princes!) Its also not just an offshoot of France or Spain (at least not technically). Its got its own national government, in addition to 7 local governments, one for each of the 7 parishes. I got to visit the seat of the national government! This is La Casa de la Vall, the historical government building of Andorra. Picture from flickr Andorras national parliament, the Consell General de les Valls, is the second-oldest parliament in Europe. It has 28 representatives, some of which are elected nationally and some of which are elected on a parish-by-parish basis. The parliament is responsible for making the laws of the country. The parliament recently moved to a new, modernized building with a lot of neat technology, including electronic voting, which makes it officially fancier than the U.S. House of Representatives. The seat of the Andorran parliamentboth the old, historical chambers on the left and the new, high-tech chambers on the right. We werent allowed to take pictures inside, so pictures are from the Casa de la Vall website and the company who made the new parliament building. Interestingly, although the Consell General is able to elect its own Head of Government, the Head of State is chosen via a decidedly more archaic process. The state is headed by two co-princes, one from Spain and one from France. This arrangement dates back to the 13th century, when the Spanish Bishop of Urgell and the French Compte de Foix signed a treaty establishing joint leadership of the principality, and has continued through to modern day, with the inheritors of these two titles also inheriting the position. Except at some point the French house of Foix merged with the ruling family of France, which means that nowadays, the title holding the French princeship is actually the president of France. Which means that Emmanuel Macron is a Prince of Andorra. The local city government of Encamp, the parish of Andorra where I was living. Portraits of the two current co-princes are hanging on the wall. Macron is on the right. France and Spain have a lot of influence on Andorra, as is to be expected. In fact, there are three school systems in the countryAndorran, Spanish, and French, each sponsored by one of the three countries. The Andorran system is actually the most recent! Why Andorra? Even my host dad seemed a little surprised when I told him that I had specifically asked to be placed in Andorra. But I was actually really excited because Andorra is one of the few places where they routinely speak both Spanish and French. Im a little bit of a language nerd and Ive been taking Spanish classes since middle school and French classes since high school. In Andorra, I could practice both, which made me absurdly happy. And I also learned una mica of Catalan! If youre still unconvinced that the language landscape there is as fascinating as I seem to think, read on. What language do they speak? The simple answer is Catalan. Thats the language they speak in Cataloniayou know, the autonomous community in Spain (including Barcelona) that is regularly agitating for independence. Andorra borders Catalonia. The roads connecting Andorra to Barcelona are more reliable than those to its French counterpart, so there is a lot of cultural overlap between Andorran and Catalan culture. A lot of Andorrans are really proud of the Catalan language. The true answer is a lot more complicated. Catalan, Spanish, French, English, and Russian are all spoken to some extent, roughly in that order of prevalence. Geography, politics, immigration, economics, and professional needs all play a role in the languages people use and in what context. Among the people I was around, Catalan was the language of daily conversation. Everybody also spoke perfect Spanish. French was also pretty common, with some people speaking fluently and most everybody understanding. English was less common, and although I didnt experience it much personally, I was told that Russian was becoming more important. To some extent, peoples grasp of French, English, and Russian depended upon their career. For instance, the technology students that I was interacting with had to learn English, because so much technological documentation is written in English. However, for other students at the school where I was teaching who were studying to be corporate secretaries, French was more important because they had to interact with French clients. Some people in the tourism sector learned Russian because of the large volume of Russian tourists that came to ski. But language was also a function of social group and geography! Different neighborhoods tended to attract higher proportions of tourists from different countries and reflected the languages thereof. For instance, one night I went to a restaurant in a heavily English neighborhood where a lot of the waiters were speaking English. I was also told that in some parts of Andorra, Catalan is not as common, either because a lot of the people working there had immigrated from Spain or Latin America, or because Spanish was more convenient for communicating with Spanish tourists. And finally, the school system in which you study highly influences the languages you are exposed to. The language of instruction in the Andorran, Spanish, and French school systems is Catalan, Spanish, and French, respectively. Dont get me wrong; these schools are far from monolingual. The students at the Andorran school where I was teaching took FOUR DIFFERENT LANGUAGE CLASSES: Catalan, Spanish, French, and English. As an American and someone who loves language, it is hard for me to express how impressed and jealous I am. Growing up in the American school system, you learn: English, English, maybe a little bit of Spanish or Latin, and more English. USA, you have to up your game. Finally, Im just going to add that as an English-speaker, Im usually really spoiled when I travel in the sense that typically a lot of people are used to speaking English at least in a tourism setting. Andorra was maybe the first place Ive visited where English is not a priority (I mean, look at how many other things they have to learn!). Which was actually really fun. What were you doing there? I was teaching STEM subjects to high-school-aged students who were training to be IT personnel. MIT has a program called GTLGlobal Teaching Labswhere you visit another country during the month of January and teach high-school-aged students in a subject you are knowledgeable about. Although Ive traveled over IAP before, this was my first time teaching. I was placed at a school called the Centre de Formació Professional dAndorra (in English, Center for Professional Formation; CFP for short). The CFP is a vocational school mostly geared towards students who want to learn a trade so they can go work in a certain area. The students are roughly high-school aged; the students in their third (and last) year were around 19-20. There are 5 courses of study, including hairdressing, being a corporate secretary or assistant, a sports trainer/assistant, and informática or Information Technology. I was working exclusively with the IT students. The outside of the CFP, where I was teaching The subjects I was teaching ran the gamut, and my role in each depended on the preferences of the teacher. I taught classes in physics (both kinematics and electromagnetism), English, and computer science. In some classes, like electromagnetism, I was more like an assistant teacher, helping run example problems on the board and explaining concepts in English. In others, I was more like a substitute; the regular teachers had material that they wanted me to cover, but it was up to me to design lessons, including practice problems and activities, to convey that information. And in the informática classes I basically had free rein to do whatever I wanted!!! Another fascinating aspect of teaching at the CFP wasyou guessed itthe language! To my surprise, I was actually technically forbidden from speaking Spanish at the school. I taught all my classes in English, per the instructions of the GTL program and the instructors at the CFP. Since English is a third or fourth language for most of the students (and teachers), I was looking forward to using Spanish to clarify points of confusion. But since the school was part of the Andorran system, speaking Catalan was actually a point of national pride, and speaking castellano was seen as something of a concession to Madrid. In reality, I ended up speaking some Spanish anyway when I needed to get a point across, but I thought it was fascinating how language had such political connotations. One more thing that really took me aback was that every single IT student I was teaching was male. Out of the three-year program encompassing maybe 75 students, there was only one female in her first year, who I never saw because I didnt teach first year students. I think thats the starkest example Ive ever seen of a gender divide in STEM. What was the hardest part about teaching? One thing I had to adjust to quickly was the complete difference in educational theory at the CFP versus MIT. MIT is quite theoretical. I have spent my entire undergrad learning equations and then learning math so that I can manipulate those equations. I rarely touch hardware other than my keyboard. Even MITs attitude towards learning how to code is surprisingly theoretical. The first lecture of our intro to Python class is about the difference between an algorithm and a program. You learn Python as a first coding language because its an easy high-level language for programming algorithms without worrying about low-level hardware. And in upper-level classes, you either A) go a theoretical-mathematical route and leave coding behind, or B) learn to program in C when you see your first Operating Systems pset. For the most part, MIT teaches theory, and practical know-how you have to learn on your own. The CFP is totally different. The first day of electromagnetism class, the students homework assignment was to try to create a motor that produces infinite energy by dismantling whatever electronics they had at their disposal. The IT classes were packed with rows of servers and network routers (my host dad, who also teaches IT at the CFP, was horrified that I had never touched a router before). Classes, especially IT classes, tended to be really hands-on, and if I or another teacher veered into theory for more than half an hour, the students rapidly lost interest. So quickly, my original plan of adapting some of my favorite MIT class materials from MITs Open Course Ware fell apart, and I had to re-plan my lessons. Instead, I ended up designing my own, hands-on activities for the students. Since I had a lot of freedom with my informática lesson plans, I wanted to make sure I chose subject material that was both interesting and relevant to the students, but also well-matched to my skillssomething important that they might not learn otherwise. I ended up teaching them some coding in Python using Python tutorials that I developed, because Python is an easy-to-learn yet widely-used language that I thought might come in handy. Then, given that the students were learning a lot about how to configure servers and networks, I designed an activity about a launching a Python web server in the cloud using a free platform called Heroku, and then finally I did a brief introduction to Django, a Python framework for developing web applications. I ended up running classes more like office hoursstudents worked on the activities at their own pace, and I was there to give explanations and answer questions. I think this kept the students more engaged! Teaching at the CFP was also quite humbling because it showed me how limited even an MIT education can be. A lot of the practical systems configuration knowledge that these students are learning is totally outside of my sphere of knowledge. If you handed me one of their homework assignments, I would be totally lost. There is always so much to learn, even when youre the teacher :) What was the best part of being in Andorra? 110% my host family. My host family was awesome. My host family! Pepo and Carina and their two children, Pol and Alèxia My host dad is a teacher of IT at the school where I was placedin fact, a lot of the classes I was teaching were with his students! He was the one who introduced me to the school, the students, and the other teachers, and got me settled into my teaching routine. He also taught me a ton about the CFP, the Andorran education system, and Andorra in general. (In fact, hes the source of a lot of the information in this blog post) In addition to my host mom and dad, there were also two young children, Alèxia and Pol. And because Andorra is so small, a lot of extended family lived in the same village. Every weekend there was an extended family lunch with grandparents, cousins, in-lawsand me :D I felt really included in my host family. I was invited Alèxias 10th birthday party and I went to one of Pols soccer games. I ate dinner with the family and hung out with them on weekends. I cooked with the kids and taught Alexia how to make a pillow. They really went out of their way to introduce me to Andorran culture. The first day I showed up, my host dad taught me how to make pan con tomate. They had postponed the Christmas tradition of the Tió de Nadal until I arrived so that I could participate in it with them. They showed me a lot of cool sites in Andorra, like a gorgeous mountainous lookout called el Mirador del Roc del Quer, a beautiful modern cathedral called El Santuari de Meritxell, and the snow-fabricating station at Grau Roig, part of the biggest ski resort in Andorra. At the end of the month, when I was absolutely exhausted because between teaching and exploring I barely had time to sleep, my host dad said to me Well, we didnt get to see everything, but I think we d id a pretty good job. Baking molten chocolate cakes with the kids! Pan con tomate, or bread with tomato, does not involve putting slices of tomato on bread, as you might thinkinstead, you rub an overripe tomato on top of your bread and finish it off with salt and olive oil and sometimes Iberian ham. The view from Roc del Quer Part of the huge, complex system of pumps and tubes that powers the artificial snow fabrication at Grandvalira, Andorras largest ski station Me and Avital, another MIT GTL student, inside the  Santuari de Meritxell. Sewing with Alèxia! Here is a video of the tradition of the Tió de Nadal. I really recommend reading more about this tradition, because it is fascinating and from an American perspective, totally bizarre. document.createElement('video'); https://mitadmissions.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/20190111_193207.mp4 Living with my host family also gave me an incredible opportunity to practice both Spanish and French! They spoke Catalan among themselves, but they all also spoke perfect Spanish. Additionally, my host mom spoke fluent French because her father is actually French, and Alèxia spoke better French than I did. The kids were learning English, but in an ironic twist, their homework was so British that I didnt even know some of the vocab. So I spoke to my host dad in Spanish, my host mom in French, and the kids in Spanish, French, English, or sometimes horrible Catalan. It was awesome. My colleagues at the school were really welcoming too. Anna, the director of the CFP, invited me to Caldea, the an incredible spa in downtown Andorra la Vella, where you can go do a zumba class and then relax in an outside hot tub next to a pile of snow. Yeah, its pretty crazy. The giant indoor pool at Caldea I also made friends with Cristina, a physics teacher at the Centro. My last weekend in Europe, I went down to Barcelona with her and her family. We went to la Pedrera, one of the houses designed by Gaudí. Then we went to an FC Barcelona football (sorrysoccer) game! Cristina and I skiing. Shes a really good skiier. A view of Barcelona from the roof of Gaudís Pedrera. You can see possibly his most famous work, the Sagrada Familia cathedral, in the background. Camp Nou, Barças stadium! Barça was playing Valencia, and they only tied, but at least I got to see Messi score twice :D I have now sworn to be a lifelong Barça fan. Honestly, before arriving in Andorra, I was pretty nervous about it. I didnt really know what to expect from the country, and it was really small and I was afraid I might get bored or feel lonely. I had nothing to worry about. My host family and the people at the CFP were so friendly and welcoming and went out of their way to make it a great experience for me. I had so much fun with them that I ditched all my plans to visit France and Spain on the weekends and hung out in Andorra instead. Im so thankful I got to live with my host family. Was it totally awesome? Yes. Photo evidence attached ;) Skiing at Grau Roig. What, you thought we just went to look at the water pumps? The funicular that connects Encamp to Grandvalira, nicknamed the Funicamp, is 6 km long!!! This is the view from my host familys living room, looking out over the Andorran mountains and the town of Encamp. Its beauuuutiful. This is Encamps celebration of an event called the Escudella de Sant Antoni. Basically the whole town comes together and cooks many enormous cauldrons of soup, filled with veggies and Andorran sausage including a delicious black sausage called butifarra negra. This is the commercial district of Andorra. Since Andorras economy relies heavily on tourism, and since taxes here are a lot lower than in neighboring France and Spain, there is a lot of luxury shopping. Pepo and I went snowshoeing up to a lake nearby the house. It was my first time showshoeing and the day was perfect! Bye Andorra! Post Tagged #andorra #GTL (Global Teaching Labs) #IAP #international #January #languages #teaching

Postmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle

Postmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle Cats Cradle is a book, which enables many points for literary discussions. One possible topic of them could be the postmodernist features in this book. In this examination Ihab Hassans essay Toward a Concept of Postmodernism was used as a source of secondary literature for defining of postmodernist features. The most visible and prevalent features are postmodernist metonymy, treatment of the character, dynamic tension, anarchy and a postmodernist look at religion as a whole. To put Vonneguts Cradle into a definite time span, let me start with a bit of personal data about the author. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born on November†¦show more content†¦ In fact, in each of his novels there is at least one character from his native region. This can be compared to director Alfred Hitchcocks practice of self cameos on screen. It is true, that we can find some parallels between Vonneguts books and his life. The book Cats Cradle is no exception. The Hoenikker family of the novel, consists of an elder son, middle daughter and the youngest child is a boy, just the same as in Vonneguts own family. Another parallel can be seen in connection with Vonneguts mother. His mother committed suicide, when he was twenty-two years old and in many of his novels the character of the mother is dead. But lets focus on the book Cats Cradle itself. This book was written in 1963. The second title of the book, which is, The Day the World Ended can attract the reader immediately. John, a writer, is the fictional author of a book, which he calls The Day the World Ended. He decides to write about Felix Hoenikker, one of the creators of the atomic bomb and his family on the day when the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. In his research, John gets in touch with Newt Hoenikker, the youngest, midget son of Felix Hoenikker. Newt writes letters to John and tells him about his brother Frank and sister Angela. Newt also describes the day when the bomb was dropped, the day when his father went toShow MoreRelatedPostmodernism in Literature5514 Words   |  23 PagesEnlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. However, unifying features often coincide with Jean-Franà §ois Lyotards concept of the meta-narrative and little narrative, Jacques Derridas concept of play, and Jean Baudrillards simulacra. For example, instead of the modernist quest for meaning in a chaotic world

Analysis Of Othello And Desdemona - 1045 Words

There comes a time in many relationships when you realize that love is not enough to stay together. In Othello by William Shakespeare, the play is set in Venice in the sixteenth century and focuses on the war between Venice and Turkey and the people who it affects. Othello is an impressive general of the Venetian armed forces, despite this he becomes influenced by a man named Iago, who yearns for Cassio’s position as lieutenant. Iago damages Othello mentally by fabricating Desdemona s relationship with Cassio. Throughout the play Othello becomes overpowered by Iago’s manipulation and lies. This is the foundation for Othello and Desdemona’s difficult relationship. Despite the fact that readers may think that Bianca and Cassio have the†¦show more content†¦The fact that Othello questions who Desdemona is to him reveals his lack of trust for Desdemona. Desdemona puts her life on the line to swear that she is loyal to Othello. If a person ever needs to prove their loyalty that much to their significant other their relationship is not strong. H. Transition + Claim #3: The last example of Othello’s doubt in Desdemona’s loyalty is when Othello says: â€Å"What, not a whore? / No, as I shall be saved. / Is‘t possible? / Oh heaven forgive us!† (IV.II.90-93). Othello challenges everything that Desdemona says. He automatically assumes she is lying. Othello’s impulse to always doubt Desdemona clouds his judgement. Causing an extreme case of miscommunication. Due to the fact that Othello is so impressionable his trust in Desdemona has faded and because of this he can no longer listen to anything she says even if it is the truth. In addition, Othello abuses Desdemona both verbally and physically. To begin, Othello snaps at Desdemona: â€Å"Heaven doth truly know it./Heaven truly knows that thou art false as hell./To whom, my lord? With whom? How am I false?/Ah, Desdemona, away, away, away!† (IV.II.41-47). Othello continues to antagonize Desdemona and wrongfully accuse her of the â€Å"affa ir† between her and Cassio. Even though they really love each other, lago’s constant lies portray Desdemona as lecherous causing Othello to snap at Desdemona. Secondly, Othello enhances the abuse by striking desdemona.â€Å"my lord/ i m glad to see you mad./Show MoreRelatedOthello And Desdemona Relationship Analysis2123 Words   |  9 PagesOthello and Desdemona have a peculiar relationship to say the least. While the story of Othello does not give us many insights on their relationship, throughout the story, we begin to question the concept of their relationship as a whole. The audience blames Othello ending in a tragedy on Iago, but as critical thinkers, they should consider the flaws of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship. Along with flaws, Othello and Desdemona had relationship issues already in areas of behavior and backgroundsRead MoreOthello: Good vs Evil1525 Words   |  7 PagesGood Or Evil: A Critical Analysis of Othello’s Main Characters William Shakespeare’s Othello is a classic depiction of a struggle between good and evil. In the play,, the characters are faced with the choice to either conquer or succumb to the overpowering force of evil. Shakespeare places his characters on a sort of spectrum in which a character’s amount of god or evil can be represented by a shade of color: black representing pure evil, white representing absolute goodness, and a shade of greyRead MoreTragic Hero in Othelo by William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesConventions of Othello Shakespeare has been a part of the American Society for many years. Compared to other Authors, he has a different style of writing but within his own writings, they are all very much alike. He has written many plays including Othello and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare was a man who wrote plays that followed the same literary conventions. These conventions included tragic hero, fallacy, irony, and also suspense. A tragic hero is a male figure who is high in society and one whoRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 1567 Words   |  7 PagesWOMEN’S ROLE IN SOCIETY: DISECTING THE MISOGONY IN SHAKESPEARE’S OTHELLO Judging Othello from a self-proclaimed feminist Audre Lorde’s perspective allows the reader to see the double standards women faced in the Elizabethan society. Today our society assigns gender roles to children from birth. From the baby dolls needing care and EZ Bake Oven toys, little girls are encouraged at an early onset to lead domesticated lives. Boys on the other hand, are given cars and action figures that can take rough-housingRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 1131 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Othello by Shakespeare Shakespeare is known for his use of recurring themes throughout his work, including love, death and betrayal. These themes are present in his work of Othello. However, the most fundamental issue is jealousy. The lives of the characthers in Othello are ruined by jealousy from the beginning to the end of the play. The telling of the story is carried out by passion, jealousy, and death. Shakespeare’s Othello reveals devastating tragic inevitability, stunning psychologicalRead MoreThe Real Victims Of Othello1197 Words   |  5 PagesThe REAL Victims of Othello Shakespeare’s tragic play, Othello, gives insight to broken relationships and tragic deaths all caused by lies. But the main component of these lies is faults in relationships. Shakespeare explores the ideas of Othello’s actions toward Desdemona, their relationship, but forgets an important detail: her side of the story. Desdemona, along with the other women in the play contrast each other tremendously. All three women show victimization in their own way, but how farRead MoreEssay about Analysis of an Extract from William Shakespeares Othello980 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of an Extract from William Shakespeares Othello In the play Othello, four characters are murdered. The character Iago, who manipulated certain characters into wanting to kill them. Desdemona, Emilia, Othello, and Roderigo, are killed. Iago originally did this out of jealousy of Othello and Roderigo. The deaths of these four characters were inevitable. There was justice in this play for all of the characters who were involved in the killing of the four charactersRead MoreOthello As A Tragic Hero872 Words   |  4 Pagesof Venice, Othello is transformed into a crazy, senseless man. William Shakespeare uses the idea of a tragic hero in almost all of his dramas. A tragic hero can be described as a person of high status who is neither completely good nor completely evil, possesses a tragic flaw, and leaves this flaw to be the reason for his/her downfall. Othello believes he can trust one of his soldiers, Iago, who is determined to seek revenge on Othello for not promoting him to be a lieutenant. Othellorsquo;s temperRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare1086 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the tragedy of Othello Shakespeare does an impressive job of quickly introducing and manipulating his main characters. His talents are no less when it comes to the creation and development of Emilia. Though it appears that Emilia is both a loyal and obedient wife, her actions speak much louder than her words. When Emilia betrays the sisterhood within the play of Othello much is revealed to the reader regarding her character. Through close reading and interpretation the reader may comeRead MoreOthello Analysis838 Words   |  4 PagesOthello Analysis Othello is a story of jealousy and manipulation. The story of a man who believes that he deserves to have everything he wants. If anything gets in the way he may ridicule, manipulate or even fight to move it. Othello uses several different types of elements in the drama. Symbolism, Irony and Conflict are all elements that can be found in Othello. We will discuss each in detail later in the essay. The audience views characters in Othello in many different ways especially when

Student Satisfaction of On-Campus Food Services Free Essays

string(34) " time by hundreds of researchers\." On-campus foodservices were thought to be the first choice for university students to dine in. This paper aims to know an opinion and satisfaction level of every individual using student’s own cafà © of Lahore Garrison University. Customer’s preference has to be at first for university for which 300 questionnaires destributed among students, teachers and other staff of university. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Satisfaction of On-Campus Food Services or any similar topic only for you Order Now In questionnaire, demographic measures include gender, age, province, qualification and status. Variables that are descriptively used to analyze customer’s opinion are service delivery, servicescape , product and technology. These factors are then descriptively analyzed to determine attributes influencing university customer preferences. Our findings analyzed their opinions statistically by using SPSS in which variables are then descriptively used to analyze correlations between each other which results 100% significant. ANOVA, bar charts and correlation is used to analyze an overall opinion of customers and relation between each variable by using Student’s own Cafà © of Lahore Garrison University. This paper results in strong correlation between four variables and also shows an unequal satisfaction among teachers, students and service delivery and significantly contributes in providing a deeper insight into factors that influences dining choice of university foodservice’s customers in Lahore Garrison University. Introduction It is a measure of how products and services supplied by a cafà © or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is a term used to describe a scenario when an exchange meets the needs and expectations of its use. Customer satisfaction, as a business term, can also be used to measure how the supply of products or services surpasses customer expectations. Consumer’s opinion is very important that need to be known for every university’s cafeteria. This paper aims to know an opinion and satisfaction level of every individual using student’s own cafà © of LGU. So, it will be very helpful for management of cafà © that which services need to be more improved and which sort of products should need to be added or subtracted. Customer satisfaction has been studied for a long time by hundreds of researchers. You read "Student Satisfaction of On-Campus Food Services" in category "Papers" Consumer loyalty is the core of any business promotion. Consumer loyalty often turns into focal point of consideration since it is used to decide customer’s repeat buying expectation, which is in turn used for the turnover or profit forecast of any business. (Anshul Garg *, 2017) Food services are an important constituent of a wholesome arrangement that influences personal satisfaction of students and faculty at universities and colleges. Food service requirements of university students need to be further explored. While the importance of offering quality education is undisputed for many universities and colleges that are concerned with bringing more students to their institutions, paying attention to food services is an added attraction for students. Furthermore, the number of undergraduates registered in universities is growing incessantly, causing an explosive development of this market (Garg, 2014). The findings reveal that the various quality factors considered in the study are positively correlated with customer satisfaction and have a significant impact on the level of satisfaction of both students and staff who have dined at the university cafeteria. It could be concluded from the results that the influence of the price offered at the university cafeteria had a significant effect on the loyalty of the respondents. The result of this study is a guide to better services and facilities, which leads to an increase in the competitive impact of restaurant business on the market. (Anshul Garg, 2017) Food and beverage quality plays a vital role in determining and forming students’ satisfaction. Quality attributes of food and beverage such as taste, smell, freshness, appearance, size, shape, colour, gloss, consistency, and texture play a higher role in accomplishing or surpassing customer satisfaction and expectation to return (Dollah, Mansor, ; Mohamed, 2012). (Anshul Garg*, 2017) Background As the paper’s aim is to know an opinion and satisfaction level of every individual using student’s own cafà © of LGU for which at least 300 questionnaires have to be distributed among students, teachers and other staff of university. In questionnaire; demographic measures include gender, age, province, qualification and status. Variables that are descriptively used to analyze customer’s opinion are Service Delivery, Servicescape , Product and Technology. This paper significantly contributes in proving a deepest opinion of customer that really influence the overall services providing in cafeteria of LGU. Customer’s preference has to be at first for university. Objective â€Å"An overview of the factors influencing the customers of cafeteria† We have to know our customers opinion and their satisfaction level to bring more improvements as per their response. Paper’s aim is to know an opinion and satisfaction level of customers. Problem Statement: Students satisfaction with the service quality of cafeteria of Lahore Garrison University. Chapter 2 On the basis of four variables regarding our research project that are service delivery, servicescape, product and technology we observed that many factors have been found to influence students and staff when choosing a food service property, such as the quality of food and beverages, quality of service, value, price, hygiene and cleanliness, location, and product variety. For the purpose of the current study, factors that have been investigated in relation to their impact on consumer satisfaction are food and beverage quality, food and beverage variety, service quality, the atmospherics of the restaurant and the price-to-value relationship. (Anshul Garg*, 2017) It is believed that service quality has a positive effect on customer satisfaction, that is to say improving service quality results in a satisfied customer (Chang, Suki, ; Nalini, 2014; Lee, Liaw, Lee, ; Rha, 2016). But of course, service quality is not the only variable to consider when explaining customer satisfaction, as pricing also plays a central role in the analysis of customer satisfaction. While the relationship between quality and customer satisfaction, price fairness and satisfaction have been pretty well determined by service marketing researchers, it seems that no clear links have been established between these two variables for research on satisfaction. (Anshul Garg*, 2017) Customer satisfaction has been studied for a long time by hundreds of researchers. Consumer loyalty is the core of any business promotion. Consumer loyalty frequently turns into the focal point of consideration since it is used to decide a customer’s repeat buying expectation, which is in turn used for the turnover or profit prediction of any business. Amelia and Garg (2016) noted that first impression is one of the main considerations along with the quality of food, waiting time for the food being served, correctness of the food served, and politeness and alertness of restaurant staff. Comfortable seating and dining area and restaurant ambience had significantly affected the customers’ intention to return to the restaurant. (Anshul Garg*, 2017) Cafeteria atmosphere is dictated by the spatial organization of the seating, variety of the internal decorations and the appropriateness of the ambient melodies, which are imperative providers to the higher gratification of cafeterias (Namkung ; Jang, 2008). Besides, food packing, portion size, and arrangement lighting at the cafeteria impact the individual’s prompt setting (Story, Kaphingst, Robinson-O’Brien, ; Glanz, 2008). Additionally, the physical setting impacts customers’ view of service quality (Hensley ; Sulek, 2007; Norhati ; Nur Hafisah, 2013). Previous research by Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, ; Curtin (2010) found that there are connections between food information, food quality, eating behaviour, dining situations and food distribution settings. The atmosphere is an intangible component made up of everything related to the brand that will yield an impression towards the specific location. The design of the dining setting, stylistic layout, interior design and colour scheme, textures and the food produce the atmosphere. The appropriate atmosphere can make the food, service quality and entire dining experience appear to be better (Raman ; Chinniah, 2011; Norhati ; Hafisah, 2013). All these elements are most crucial and have a direct association with customer satisfaction. (Anshul Garg*, 2017) Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework We use four variables which are closely correlated to each other as shown below Service delivery A service delivery is a set of principles, standards, policies and constraints to be used to guide the designs, deployment, operation and retirement of services delivered by a service provider with a view to offering a consistent service experience to a specific user community in a specific. Servicescape The servicescape includes the facility’s exterior (landscape, exterior design, signage, parking, surrounding environment) and interior (interior design and decor, equipment, signage, layout) and ambient conditions (air quality, temperature and lighting). In addition to its effects on customer’s individual behaviors, the servicescape influences the nature and quality of customer and employee interactions, most directly in interpersonal services. Servicescape is a model developed to emphasize the impact of the physical environment in which a service process takes place. The aim of the servicescapes model is to explain behavior of people within the service environment with a view to designing environments that accomplish organizational goals in terms of achieving desired behavioral responses. Cafeteria atmosphere is dictated by the spatial organisation of the seating, variety of the internal decorations and the appropriateness of the ambient melodies, which are imperative providers to the higher gratification of cafeterias (Namkung ; Jang, 2008). Besides, food packing, portion size, and arrangement lighting at the cafeteria impact the individual’s prompt setting (Story, Kaphingst, Robinson-O’Brien, ; Glanz, 2008). Additionally, the physical setting impacts customers’ view of service quality (Hensley ; Sulek, 2007; Norhati ; Nur Hafisah, 2013). Previous research by Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, ; Curtin (2010) found that there are connections between food information, food quality, eating behaviour, dining situations and food distribution settings. (Anshul Garg*, 2017) Product A thing or person that is the result of an action or process. Product is basically a physical item, service or symbolic effect that offered to fulfill the needs of customers. Technology The support and maintenance of any quality service delivery, servicescape and products would fall on the technological applications within the foodservice facilities. ‘Technology’ has been offered as an avail service to customers, irrespective of the customer and the service provider being coincidently. Two examples of technology in foodservices are, the usage of computers, frozen items in refrigerators, and the timers that keeps track in a busy kitchen. All these applications reduces over-cooked food and food waste while ensuring the cooked food are safe and perfectly done. Methodology Consumer’s opinion is very important that need to be known for every university’s cafeteria. This paper aims to know an opinion and satisfaction level of every individual using student’s own cafà © of LGU for which quantitative data collected using 300 questionnaires among students, teachers and other staff of university. In questionnaire, demographic measures include gender, age, province, qualification and status. Variables that are descriptively used to analyze customer’s opinion are service delivery, servicescape, product and technology. We have analyzed their opinions statistically by using SPSS. These variables are then descriptively used to analyze correlation between each other which results 100% significant. ANOVA, bar charts and correlation is used to analyze an overall opinion of customers and relation between each variable by using Student’s own Cafà © of LGU. This papers significantly contributes in proving a deepest opinions of customer that really influence the customers of cafeteria of LGU. Customer’s preference has to be at first for university. Chapter 5 Descriptive Table 1 below illustrates that from the total sample size of 300, the percentage of respondents’ gender consisted of 65.33% females and 34.67% males. Table 1.1 shows that Among all respondents, majority belongs to bachelors level with 73% then 8.3% were masters, 2.3% were M Phil level and 16.3% others as shown in bar diagram table 2 below: Table 1.2 shows that Since the study was conducted in the Lahore Garrison University and most of the diners are students who are actually studying at Lahore Garrison University, thus majority (71%) of the respondents were the students who were mainly in the age group of 17 to 24. Apart from students, the remaining respondents were academics (27%) and admin staff (2%). According to the results shown below in table 1.3The Teacher’s are highly Satisfied with the mean value of 2.753, others with mean value of 2.5 and students having a low satisfaction level with the least mean value of 2.493 as shown below:Table 1.3 Inferentials ANOVA An ANOVA test is a way to find out if survey or experiment results are significant which stands for Analysis of Variance. In other words, ANOVA helps to figure out if there is a need to reject the null hypothesis or accept the alternate hypothesis. Basically, ANOVA use to tests groups to see if there’s a difference between them. From table 1 below, we observed that F Statistics is 4.850 and P value is 0.008 that is less than 5% which shows that these three group of people are not equally satisfied with the service delivery. Service Delivery Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 4.275 2 2.137 4.850 .008 Within Groups 130.898 297 .441 Total 135.173 299 Table 1 From table 2 below, we observed that F Statistics is 3.841 and P value is 0.023 that is less than 5% which shows that these three group of people are not equally satisfied with the servicescape. Servicescape Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1.866 2 .933 3.841 .023 Within Groups 72.148 297 .243 Total 74.015 299 Table 2 From table 3 below, we observed that F Statistics is 4.672 and P value is 0.010 that is less than 5% which shows that these three group of people are not equally satisfied with the product. Product Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 3.869 2 1.935 4.672 .010 Within Groups 122.985 297 .414 Total 126.854 299 Table 3 From table 4 below, we observed that F Statistics is 17.226 and P value is 0.000 that is less than 5% which shows that these three group of people are not equally satisfied with the technology. Technology Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 9.190 2 4.595 17.226 .000 Within Groups 79.229 297 .267 Total 88.419 299 Table 4 Overall, there was a strong, positive correlation was computed to assess the relationship between the Service delivery, Servicescape, product and technology. There was a positive correlation between the four variables where: In servicescape, r= 0.677 and p=0.000 , in Product r=0.656 and p= 0.000 , and in Technology r= -0.244 and p=0.000 in correlation with service delivery. In Service Delivery, r= 0.677 and p=0.000 , in Product r=0.724 and p= 0.000 , and in Technology r= -0.153 and p=0.000 in correlation with servicescape. In service Delivery, r= 0.656 and p=0.000 , in Servicescape r=0.724 and p= 0.000 , and in Technology r= 0.212 and p=0.000 in correlation with product. In service Delivery, r= -0.244 and p=0.000 , in Servicescape, r=-0.153 and p= 0.000 , and in Product, r= 0.212 and p=0.000 in correlation with Technology. Conclusion The study revealed that students’ satisfaction with the university cafeteria has negative relationship with all the different factors, for e.g., service delivery, servicescape, product and technology used in this study as compared to teachers as they have a positive relation of all factors mentioned above. It is in this way critical for university cafeteria administrators to continue enhancing the quality of food and beverage served to the clients to increase their satisfaction level. Moreover, an attractive menu, with different food varieties, at a reasonable price should be offered to the customers and served in an appropriate ambience that can energies their enthusiasm for dining at the university cafeteria. The results showed that food and beverage quality and service quality have a significant relationship with customer satisfaction. This was supported by previous studies. For instance, Ha and Jang (2010) and Hyun (2010) confirmed from their study that food and beverage quality and service quality have positive and significant relationship with consumer satisfaction in university cafeteria service. Recommendations As observations shows less satisfaction level of students with overall services. providing by cafeteria so they should improve their present factors according to the demand of students. Provide a pleasant environment and atmosphere for staff. Provide a professionally managed area which can function for business lunches with suppliers. Free wifi should be there for students so that they can easily use an application developed for reservation of food. Provide a professionally managed area which can function for business lunches with suppliers. Add some more nutritious products in menu of cafeteria. Focus on seasonal items. Price should be decrease. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abd Ghani, F. 2009. Assessing students’ acceptance and satisfaction level on service delivery attributes at UiTM hostels’ cafeteria. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia. Abd Ghani, F., Mohd Zahari, M.S., Ramli, N., Jusoff, K., Md. Zaini, Z.M., Hamid, M., Samsudin, A., Ngali, N. and Rahmat, N. 2011. Service at uitm residential hostel cafeterias – is it satisfactory? World Applied Sciences Journal, 12 (Special Issue on Service Sector Transforms the Economy): 08-13. Andaleeb, S. S. and Caskey, A. 2007. Satisfaction with food services: insight from a college cafeteria. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 10(2):51-65. Johns, N. and Lee-Ross, D. 1995. Profile Accumulation: a quality assessment technique for hospitality SMEs, in Teare, Armistead, C (Eds), Services Management, New Directions, New Perspectives, Cassell, London. Dulen, J. 1998. Under the microscope. Restaurants and Institutions 108(21):80-87. Durocher, J. 2001. Backstage pass. Restaurant Business 100(5):81-82. Boone, L. and Kurtz, D. 2006. Contemporary marketing: 12th edition. United Kingdom, Thomson SouthWestern. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2):77-101. Brumback, N. 1998. Inn style. Restaurant Business 97(3):47-59. How to cite Student Satisfaction of On-Campus Food Services, Papers

Rational Thinking Essays - Internalism And Externalism,

Rational Thinking The Change in Rational Thinking Before 1750 The idea of rational thinking has been debated ever since the beginning of human existence. As humans we base what we think on what we know, during the 1600's if a person was black than they must have been inferior. This thinking seemed rational to the people of this period because they didn't know any better. The concept of rationality throughout time has always been a matter of perspective. If you are taught from birth that black people are inferior and grow-up with this idea in your head than you have no other basis for how you perceive someone with a skin color other than yourself. If we think about it, before 1650 belief was all that was needed when there was an argument about religion. People listened to what the Pope had to say because he was thought to be an extenuation of God, and whatever he preached was obviously true. Today we look at that behavior and laugh, if even half of the rationalism that was applied 350 years ago was applied today in some religions, no one would enter into them. It is good to know that through research by men like Aristotle, who determined that the earth is round, someone like Copernicus can learn that the earth is not only orbiting like the stars but it is orbiting the biggest planet the sun. But this knowledge came with a price; the Pope who was believed infallible did not approve of any of these radical nee findings, everything that these men were saying went right against the beliefs of the Catholic Church. A couple of hundred years earlier this new thinking would have had a lot harder time getting off the ground because there was no fast, economical way to spread the information. That was until the invention of the printing press, now the Pope had to deal with the problem that these ideas could be printed and distributed in a fast manner. With society now having the ability to gain access to new information, people began to question the rationalism of the Roman Catholic Church. Not to mention at this same time the Pope and the Church now had to deal with the outrage from Martin Luther who was causing all sort of problems up at Wittenberg. He was focused on taking a majority of the Church's ideas and thinking about them in a rational way not mystical. To him the Church had an uncanny way of always being able to manipulate the meaning of the word to suit it's best interest. Luther decided that a lot of the Church's ideas were hogwash, so he decided to post a critique of ninety-five changes to the Roman Catholic Church's teachings. In the end he also paid the ultimate price, his life. In the years approaching 1700 society began to look at the fact that there were other ways of thinking, this set off a rash ideologies from scientists, philosophers and even people within religions to approach thinking with a more defined, rational point of view. Even when it came to wealth did the event of rational thinking take place. For centuries there have been many various ideas for what the meaning of wealth is. From it being bullion, commodities, the market and finally today the concept of capitalism. It is funny to think that capitalism may not even be the true idea about wealth, but behind it all is the progression of rational thinking and ideas. It must have been interesting to be alive for the early years to experience ideas that seemed far away but seemed rational. In addition these intelligent people finally had findings to back up what they were saying.

How to Get Your CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island

How to Get Your CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island This article is useful for anyone who wants to get a CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. PennsylvaniaIn Pennsylvania, you must have a CDL to operate:Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsA combination vehicle with a GCWR of 26,001+ pounds, if  the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than  10,000 poundsA vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver)A school bus designed to transport 11+ passengers (including the drive)Any size vehicle requiring hazardous material placards or carrying material listed as a select agent or toxinIn order to obtain a CDL, you must take a knowledge test and a skills test.Knowledge TestAll applicants must pass a knowledge test required for the class of license, restriction, and endorsements they wish to possess. A general knowledge te st for the Class, a or Class B and C license must be successfully completed by all CDL applicants.You  must wait 15 days after passing the knowledge test to take the skills test.Skills TestAfter passing the appropriate knowledge tests, you  must then take the skills test for the class and type of vehicle you intend to drive.   Included on this exam are a  pre-trip inspection, a test of basic vehicle control, and a test in on-road driving.After passing your knowledge and skills tests, you will be given  a camera card to  take to any PennDOT Photo License Center. There, you will have your picture taken and be  issued your CDL after paying all  licensing fees.Rhode IslandYou must have a CDL to operate:Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsA combination vehicle with a GCWR of 26,001+ pounds, if  the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than  10,000 poundsA vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver)Any size vehicle requiring  hazardous material placards or carrying material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR part 73.In order to obtain a CDL, you must take a knowledge test and a skills test.Knowledge TestYou must take one or more knowledge tests depending the license  class and endorsements you need.All applicants must take the general knowledge test, taken by all applicants.All bus driver applicants must take the passenger transport test.If you want to drive a school bus, you must pass the school bus test.If driving a  vehicle with air brakes, including air over hydraulic brakes,   you must take the air brakes test.If you want to drive combination vehicles, you must take the combination vehicles test.If you want to haul hazardous materials as defined in 49 CFR 383.5, you must take  the hazardous materials test. You must also pass a background check.If  you want to haul any liquid or gaseous materials in tank(s)  with an  individual rated capacity of 119+ gallons and an aggregate r ated capacity of 1,000+ gallons, you must take the tank vehicle test.If you want to pull double or triple trailers, you must take  he doubles/triples test.After you pass your required knowledge tests, you must then take your CDL skills tests.Skills TestAfter passing the appropriate knowledge tests, you  must then take the skills test for the class and type of vehicle you intend to drive.   Included on this exam are a  pre-trip inspection, a test of basic vehicle control, and a test in on-road driving.When you arrive for these tests, you must present your Rhode Island driver’s license and your CDL permit (obtained after passing the appropriate knowledge tests).

List of Halogens (Element Groups)

List of Halogens (Element Groups) The halogen elements are located in group VIIA of the periodic table, which is the second-to-last column of the chart. This is a list of elements that belong to the halogen group and the properties that they share in common: Types of Halogens Depending on who you ask, there are either 5 or 6 halogens. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine definitely are halogens. Element 117, which has the placeholder name of ununseptium, might have some properties in common with the other elements. Even though it is in the same column or group of the periodic table with the other halogens, most scientists believe element 117 will behave more like a metalloid. So little of it has been produced, its a matter of prediction, not empirical data. FluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatineTennessine (might behave as a halogen, at least in some respects) Halogen Properties These elements share some common properties that distinguish them from other elements on the periodic table. They are highly reactive nonmetals.Atoms of belonging to the halogen group have 7 electrons in their outermost (valence) shell. These atoms need one more electron in order to have a stable octet.Halogens are highly electronegative, with high electron affinities.The melting and boiling points of the halogens increase as you increase atomic number (as you move down the periodic table).The elements change their state of matter at room temperature and pressure as you increase atomic number. Fluorine and chlorine are gases. Bromine is a liquid element. Iodine is a solid. Scientists predict tennessine will be a solid at room temperature.

Safegurads and Controls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safegurads and Controls - Essay Example The used book store envision to promote literacy through their funding for education improvement programs by buying books that people do not want, find buyers and fund the proceeds for social cause. Used books are usually collected through campus collection from universities and colleges and from donation initiatives and discard of Libraries. Online services enables the store to distribute used books to a wide range of people globally, nationally and locally, who are in need of free books in underdeveloped countries. Alans used book store gives importance to save million of tonnes of paper waste for recycling rather than using it for landfills. The book store also envisages collecting voluntary funds from customers at exit point to fund reforestation programs and renewable energy credits (Profits with Purpose: Better World Books). Books should be handled with care while arranging them in shelves and moving it to make place for new arrivals. The dust jackets usually get damaged when moving books. Further books should be stored in a systematic manner to avoid theft and to locate books quickly. Books have to be categorized and numbered and stocks should be taken at regular intervals to keep a check on the number of sold items and the number of new arrivals. Proper accounting with details of the book will enable the business to identify books that sell fast and books that do not sell quickly. Books should not be stacked in the shelves; instead it should be placed in a stand up position. This reduces damage to books and offers ease to handle books and prevent the probable damage while taking a book from the bottom of a stacked row. Books should always be placed on the shelves. Books should not be place on the floor since it may contact moisture. Books will get faded and pages will turn yellow if it is exposed to d irect sunlight. Alans used book store proposes to manage risk by purchasing books from users that are mostly sought

A social or cultural phenomenon or aspect of Chinese contemporary Research Paper

A social or cultural phenomenon or aspect of Chinese contemporary society (since 1949) - Research Paper Example My focus will remain largely on the effects and defects of these past and present trends urbanization and village-to-city migration defection. In this context, I will also give particular focus upon the relatively new research done on the position and plight of migrant women in the social structure of the modern, urbanized, industrial China, in broad reference to the central issue of migration. My topic will refer particularly to the works of contemporary urban and social theorists like Martin King Whyte, Wu Jieh-Min, Arianne M. Gaetano and Tamara Acka, among others. I will also consult authoritative government demographic reports and journals to expand the purview of my research and present a comprehensive analysis of the same. Urban-Rural Relations: A Brief Look into the Past The Maoist revolution of China, spanning the 1950s, led by the dynamic leader Mao Zedong, as well as the related economic reforms of 1966-78, had aimed to create a society of equals replacing a dense capitalis t system of greed, corruption and exploitation. One the iconic and historically significant socialist uprisings, it had ventured to establish a communist and ‘egalitarian social order’(Whyte 2010). There existed, however a large gap between theory and reality. Instead, of stabilizing and equalizing the various social strata by creating an economic and cultural balance of sorts, the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution deepened the gulf between the social classes and created a kind of politicized ‘serfdom’ that kept China away from an ideal communist reconfiguration of the society. (Whyte 2010) Migration and Intra-social Disparities The post-Mao era saw an unprecedented influx of rural migrants to the rapidly developing cities and urban centers of flourishing business, creating a cheap labor force. This rural to urban defection of poor Chinese laborers, especially during the 1980s, can be cited as the most extensive labor flow in the history of the world (Z hao 1999) This proved to be both an economic blessing as well as an indicator of social upheaval. The Rural migration to the urban area of China has been the focus of several social, cultural as well as demographic and anthropological studies. In 1992, records indicate that a staggering 150,000 people were stranded in the railway stations of the Sichuan and Hunan provinces during the ‘Spring Festival Migration’. (Bakken 1998) Laborers from flooded and poverty-stricken rural regions also defected for shelter and jobs to Shanghai, Fujian or other wealthy cities. Under the strict social and political system of hukou or householder registration, they existed mainly as second-class citizens, even outcasts, as Wu Jieh-min pertinently points out in her essay â€Å"Rural Migrant Workers and China’s Differential Citizenship† (2010). Due to the government restriction on rural to urban migration, a deep economic disparity developed between the two. As a result, a tre nd of added incentives attracted rural migrants illegally to the large industrial cities. While the labor source was fully utilized by the greedy and profit driven industries, factories, conglomerates and corporations, however, the socio-cultural history as well as economic and political evidence suggest systematic marginalization. The differential system of perception is a sad reality in the lives of the Chinese migrant families. Case in point, the unequal system of hukou

Inotropes, Vasopressors and Vasodilators

Inotropes, Vasopressors and Vasodilators Suruchi Hasija, Jatin Narula ,Vandana Maravi. ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS The main control over cardiac contractility is provided by the ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œadrenergic signaling pathways and that over the vascular tone by both ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œadrenergic pathways. The ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² receptors are stimulated by catecholamines circulating in the bloodstream and those released locally from the adrenergic nerve endings. The two main subtypes of ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œadrenergic receptors (ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs) in the cardiovascular system are the ÃŽ ²1 and ÃŽ ²2 subtypes. Myocardial ÃŽ ²1 and ÃŽ ²2-AR stimulation leads to increased contractility, whereas vascular ÃŽ ²2-AR stimulation induces vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Drug binding to myocardial ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs activates stimulatory G protein. This leads to activation of the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. A cascade of intracellular reactions finally leads to the physiological effect of increased myocardial contraction or vasodilation. The ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œadrenergic receptors (ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs) are further classified as ÃŽ ±1 and ÃŽ ±2 subtypes. ÃŽ ±1-AR on vascular smooth muscles are the main mediators of vasoconstriction. ÃŽ ±2-AR on the neurons function in a negative feedback loop to control ÃŽ ±-adrenergic vasoconstriction. Stimulation of ÃŽ ±1-AR coupled to G protein activates phospholipase C which in turn raises intracellular Ca+2. Stimulation of ÃŽ ±2-AR coupled to inhibitory G protein inhibits adenylate cyclase, thereby lowering intracellular Ca+2. INOTROPES Inotropy or contractility is the intrinsic property of the cardiac myofibril. It defines the amount of work that the heart can perform at a given load. Contractility is primarily determined by the availability of intracellular calcium. Depolarization of the cardiac myofibril leads to the entry of a small amount of Ca+2 into the cell which triggers the release of additional Ca+2 from intracellular storage sites (sarcoplasmic reticulum). The binding of Ca+2 to troponin, displacement of tropomyosin from the binding site on actin and formation of actin-myosin crossbridges eventually leads to contraction of the myofibril. All inotropic agents act by increasing intracellular calcium. Catecholamines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and calcium sensitizers are the broad classes of available inotropic agents. Catecholamines Catecholamines comprise the major type of available inotropic agents. Their chemical structure includes a catechol ring, catechol hydroxyl groups and variable side chains. Endogenous(present naturally in the body) catecholamines include epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, and synthetic catecholamines include isoprenaline, dobutamine, dopexamine and fenoldopam. Besides acting directly on adrenergic receptors, some catecholamines may act indirectly by releasing or inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine at the nerve terminal or by metabolism to form norepinephrine. Table 1: Site and mechanism of action of sympathomimetics Table 2: Haemodynamic effects of catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors CO=cardiac output, dp/dt=force of myocardial contraction(change in pressure/time), HR=heart rate, SVR=systemic vascular resistance, PVR=pulmonary vascular resistance, PCWP=pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, MVO2=myocardial oxygen consumption Modified from Lehmann A, Boldt J: New pharmacologic approaches for the perioperative treatment of ischemic cardiogenic shock. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 19:97-108, 2005. Epinephrine Epinephrine, a naturally occurring catecholamine, is secreted from the adrenal medulla. The effects on ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs predominate at lower doses and on ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs at higher doses (> 0.1  µg/kg/min). It increases heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and coronary blood flow (CBF). The rise in blood pressure (BP) results from increase in HR and cardiac output (CO). Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreases at low doses (ÃŽ ²2-AR effect) but increases at high doses (ÃŽ ± effect). It is metabolized in the liver by the enzymes catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), and the metabolites are excreted in urine. It has arrhythmogenic potential. In cardiac surgical patients it is used as an infusion at 0.01-0.4  µg/kg/min to wean patients with poor ventricular function off cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). (Tables 1 and 2) Norepinephrine Norepinephrine is the postganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system. It acts on ÃŽ ±1–AR, ÃŽ ±2–AR and ÃŽ ²1–AR, and has negligible action on ÃŽ ²2–AR. The ÃŽ ²1-AR action predominates at lower doses, thereby increasing inotropy, SV and CBF. It increases BP and SVR; but decreases HR. The CO remains unchanged. It has arrhythmogenic potential. The clinical dose range is 0.01 to 0.1  µg/kg/min. Like epinephrine, it is easily oxidized. It is metabolized by COMT and MAO and taken up by the sympathetic neurons. It decreases renal, hepatic, mesenteric and splanchnic blood flow. Dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is the immediate metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. It acts on ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs, ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs and dopaminergic receptors (DA1-DA5). At 0.5-3  µg/kg/min it increases renal and mesenteric blood flow (dopaminergic effects), between 3-8  µg/kg/min it increases HR and contractility (ÃŽ ²-AR effects) and, above 8  µg/kg/min it causes vasoconstriction (ÃŽ ±-AR effects). Intravenous dopamine does not cross the blood brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver by COMT and MAO. Isoprenaline Isoprenaline has pure ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œAR agonist activity. It causes an increase in HR and contractility (ÃŽ ²1-AR effect) and decreases SVR (ÃŽ ²2-AR effect). CO increases due to combined ÃŽ ²1 and ÃŽ ²2-AR effect. It dilates pulmonary, skeletal, renal and mesenteric vascular beds. It is indicated in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, bradycardia (especially after orthotopic heart transplantation), heart block and conduction abnormalities. It is used in the dose 0.01 to 0.1  µg/kg/min. it is metabolized in the liver by COMT. It is arrhythmogenic. Dobutamine Dobutamine is primarily a ÃŽ ²1-AR agonist and has positive inotropic effects. It causes modest increase in HR (ÃŽ ²2-AR effect) and decrease in SVR (ÃŽ ²2-AR effect). The clinical dose range varies from 2-15  µg/kg/min. It is particularly indicated in patients with myocardial pump failure. Its chemical structure lacks the hydroxyl group of catecholamines. It is metabolized in the liver, although not by COMT and MAO. It increases SV, CO and CBF. The arrhythmogenic potential is less than other catecholamines. Dopexamine Dopexamine is a synthetic analog of dopamine. It has potent ÃŽ ²2-AR and dopamine agonist properties and little ÃŽ ²1-AR and ÃŽ ±-AR activity. It causes vasodilation, increase in HR and inotropy. CO and renal blood flow are increased. It is used in the dose 1-10  µg/kg/min. It undergoes methylation and sulfation in the liver and is taken up into the tissues via extraneuronal catecholamine uptake mechanisms. Unlike other catecholamines, it lacks arrhythmogenic potential. Fenoldopam Fenoldopam mesylate is a dopamine DA1 receptor agonist that causes systemic and renal arteriolar vasodilation. It increases renal blood flow at doses of 0.05-0.1  µg/kg/min and reduces BP at 0.1-0.3  µg/kg/min. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Phosphodiesterase inhibitors act by preventing the breakdown of cAMP, thereby prolonging its physiological response. They do not act via ÃŽ ²-AR stimulation. Their addition to a catecholamine has a synergistic effect in increasing inotropy. They also produce vasodilation and are termed ‘inodilators’. They improve myocardial diastolic relaxation (positive lusitropic effect) and augment coronary perfusion. The clinically used phosphodiesterase inhibitors include amrinone, milrinone and enoximone. Amrinone Amrinone is a bipyridine derivative. It provides positive inotropy and decreases SVR. The decrease in SVR is apparent immediately after administration, whereas positive inotropy is appreciable after 10-15 minutes. They are particularly useful in heart failure by increasing forward flow. It is administered as a bolus loading dose (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) followed by infusion (5-20  µg/kg/min). The potential side effects are thrombocytopenia (2-3%), gastrointestinal upset, myalgia, fever, hepatic dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmias and allergy. Milrinone Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and is 20 times more potent. It does not cause fever or thrombocytopenia. It is administered as a bolus loading dose (50  µg/kg over 10 minutes) followed by infusion (0.375-0.75  µg/kg/min). Enoximone Enoximone is an imidazole derivative that has more pronounced vasodilatory effect than inotropic effect. It is administered as a bolus loading dose (0.5-1 mg/kg) followed by infusion (5-10  µg/kg/min). Levosimendan Levosimendan is a new inotropic agent belonging to the class of calcium-sensitizing agents, i.e., it sensitizes the myocardium to the actions of calcium. It has vasodilating and anti-ischemic properties mediated by opening of K+-ATP channels. The haemodynamic effects include increase in SV and CO and reduction in filling pressures, mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and SVR. It also promotes lusitropy. It is useful in patients with compromised left ventricular function, difficulty in weaning from CPB and right ventricular failure. It is used in a loading dose of 12  µg/kg over 10 minutes followed by an infusion of 0.1  µg/kg/min. Calcium chloride Calcium ions play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the cardiac myofibrils. It has positive inotropic effect that is effective after CPB and in the short-term treatment of myocardial pump failure. The rise in BP occurs secondary to increased inotropy and vasoconstriction. However, it can attenuate the ÃŽ ²-AR effects of epinephrine in the postoperative cardiac surgical patients. It is administered in the dose of 2-4 mg/kg every 10 minutes. Calcium Gluconate the clinically available compound of calcium ,contains less than half of ionized calcium and has to be metabolized in the liver before action. VASODILATORS Vasodilators cause relaxation of arterial smooth muscle thereby reducing SVR and MAP. In addition, they also have venodilating property. They aid discontinuation of CPB by decreasing preload, right and left ventricular afterload, improving lusitropy and CBF. They are useful in the perioperative treatment of systemic and pulmonary hypertension, myocardial ischemia and ventricular dysfunction complicated by excessive pressure or volume overload. Sodium nitroprusside Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) acts by acting as a substrate for the formation of nitric oxide (NO) in the vascular endothelium. Binding of NO to its receptor induces a conformational change in the enzyme guanylate cyclase and production of cGMP from GTP. cGMP is the second messenger that eventually leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation via numerous intermediate steps. SNP predominantly causes arterial and arteriolar vasodilation, but at high doses venodilation also occurs. Reflex tachycardia is apparent with its administration. SV and CO are increased only if the preload is maintained with intravenous fluids. SNP has a potential to cause ‘coronary steal’ phenomenon in patients with coronary artery disease as the epicardial coronary arteries also dilate diverting blood away from the stenosed endocardial coronary arteries. It decreases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and MPAP. It abolishes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and may contribute to hypoxia. The infusion rate is 0.5  µg/kg/min, and titrated to effect. It is reconstituted in a dextrose-containing solution. SNP is sensitive to light, therefore the infusion syringe and tubing are wrapped with opaque material to prevent light induced structural breakdown of the drug. Cyanide toxicity may occur with the use of SNP above 1.5 mg/kg acute dose or 8  µg/kg/min chronic infusion. SNP is used during hypothermic CPB to promote uniform cooling by preventing cold induced vasoconstriction, to reduce the perfusion pressure, to reduce afterload by decreasing SVR and to increase pulmonary blood flow by decreasing PVR. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin (NTG) acts by the same mechanism as other nitrates. NTG is primarily a venodilator and reduces ventricular preload and myocardial oxygen consumption. NTG is of particular importance in patients with congestive heart failure as it unloads the left ventricle. It has modest effects on SVR and BP. It reduces PVR. The starting dose of intravenous nitroglycerin is 0.5  µg/kg/min which may be titrated to effect. Attention must be paid to the fluid status as CO may drastically reduce. At higher doses systemic vascular dilation occurs. NTG is helpful in coronary artery disease because it causes epicardial coronary artery dilation. It is metabolized in the liver. Methemoglobinemia occurs at high infusion rates. Intravenous nitroglycerin has a half-life of 1-3 minutes. Tolerance develops when administered for more than 8 hours. Nitric oxide Nitric oxide (NO) is the endothelium derived relaxing factor. Its mechanism of action has been described above. It has a very short half-life of 5 seconds. Inhaled NO promotes pulmonary vascular dilation. It can be used upto 80 parts per million (ppm) in patients with severe right ventricular failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. As inhaled NO is rapidly taken up by the heme group of guanylate cyclase, it only acts locally in the pulmonary vascular bed causing pulmonary vasodilation. It has no systemic effects. Phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine is a non-competitive ÃŽ ±1 and ÃŽ ±2-AR blocker. It decreases PVR and SVR, thereby increasing CO. It is used to promote vasodilation during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for uniform cooling and for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Phenoxybenzamine is a very potent and long acting vasodilator. It was traditionally used for afterload reduction, pulmonary vasodilatation, and in adrenal tumors such as pheochromocytoma. Phentolamine, a shorter acting agent is now more commonly used. VASOPRESSORS Vasopressors act on arteries and arterioles to increase SVR (ÃŽ ±-AR effect). They have some ÃŽ ² –AR effect also. Catecholamines such as norepinephrine, and epinephrine and dopamine at high concentrations are potent vasoconstrictors. In addition, sympathomimetics such as phenylephrine, methoxamine, ephedrine, metaraminol and mephentermine are also vasoconstrictors. They are metabolized by COMT and MAO. Phenylephrine Phenylephrine is a pure ÃŽ ±1-AR agonist and its primary action is to increase SVR. Reflex bradycardia may be seen. Vasoconstriction of renal, splanchnic and other vascular beds occurs. Coronary perfusion pressure is increased due to increase in diastolic pressure. The intravenous bolus dose is 50-100  µg and infusion rate is 0.5-1.0  µg/kg/min. Its effect is apparent in 1 minute and lasts upto 20 minutes. It is commonly used to increase SVR and therefore the perfusion pressure on CPB. Mephentermine Mephentermine has direct action on ÃŽ ±-AR and ÃŽ ²-AR, and indirect action by releasing norepinephrine at the nerve terminal. It increases CO and SVR. Its acts immediately on intravenous injection and it’s action lasts 30 minutes. It is used in 15-45 mg bolus doses and as 0.1% infusion titrated to effect. Vasopressin Vasopressin,a hormone of the anterior pituitary is a potent vasoconstrictor. It mediates vasoconstriction by inhibiting K+ ATP channels on vascular smooth muscles and blunting the rise in cGMP (due to NO and ANP) and cAMP (due to ÃŽ ²2-AR stimulation). It is one of the modalities of treating vasodilatory shock after CPB. It is used in the infusion dose of 0.01-0.1 U/min for this purpose. At higher doses it has the potential to cause renal and splanchnic vasoconstriction. It is also administered as a bolus dose of 40 U i.v. during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Suggested reading Hoffman TM. Newerinotropesin pediatric heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;58(2):121-5 Rognoni A, Lupi A, Lazzero M, Bongo AS, Rognoni G. Levosimendan: from basic science to clinical trials. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov. 2011 Jan;6(1):9-15. Tavares M, Rezlan E, Vostroknoutova I, Khouadja H, Mebazaa A. New pharmacologic therapies for acute heart failure. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;36(1 Suppl):S112-20. Petersen JW, Felker GM. Inotropesin the management of acute heart failure. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;36(1 Suppl):S106-11 Ward RM, Lugo RA Cardiovascular drugs for the newborn.Clin Perinatol. 2005 Dec;32(4):979-97 Hug CC Jr. Making a choice ofinotropesandvasodilatorsin clinical situations.J Card Surg. 1990 Sep;5(3 Suppl):272-7 Stanford GG. Use of inotropicagentsin critical illness. Surg Clin North Am. 1991 Aug; 71(4):683-98.

Role Off Company Secretary

A Company Secretary is a person at very high position in a private sector company or public sector organization, normally at a managerial position. In some countries in a public sector the company secretary is reoffered as Corporate Secretary or Secretary. There is a requirement to appoint company secretary. It is already understood that a company is the creation of law, having rights, duties and obligations just as that of human being. The so-called legal entity may therefore sue and be sued: Saloman’s case. But because of the abstract nature of a company as a ‘person’ it becomes necessary that directors be put in place to see to the effective running of the corporation. However, the directors are not required to be lawyers nor know anything about the company law. In the same regard, the prompters of the company need not be lawyers or know anything about company law. But a company being an artificial person, created by operation of law, must subsist as a person on law – it must continue to obey the provisions of the law since it derives its existence as a person from it. Therefore it becomes necessary that the company be run effectively in a manner that conforms to the statutes and other regulations and best practices hence the need for a Company Secretary. The position of a company secretary is created by the law creation of law in section 293 -298 of the Companies and Allied Matters, Act, 2004 which provides for the appointment and functions of the Company Secretary, with special reference to public companies . The Company Secretary is responsible for the efficient functioning and administration of a company, particularly with regard to ensuring compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements and for ensuring that decisions of the Board of Directors are implemented. [1] Even though the name suggests the job of a clerk or secretary it is nothing related to it. The company secretary ensures that an organization complies with relevant legislation and regulation, and keeps board members informed of their legal responsibilities. Company secretaries are the company’s named representative on legal documents, and it is their responsibility to ensure that the company and its directors operate within the law. It is also their responsibility to register and communicate with shareholders, to ensure that dividends are paid and to maintain company records, such as lists of directors and shareholders, and annual accounts. In many countries, private companies have traditionally been required by law to appoint one person as a ompany secretary, and this person will also usually be a senior board member. A company secretary is one of the senior board members according to the law in India. Most people forming a company undervalue the importance of a company secretary. The company secretary is the named representative on legal documents and it is their responsibility to advice the directors of their corporate compliance obligations. In moat established companies the company secretary serves as a focal point between the board of directors, senior management and the company’s shareholder. Since 6th April 2008 there is no longer a legal requirement to have a company secretary, although many limited companies appoint one to cover a range of jobs roles. A job of a company secretary is to organize and prepare agendas. A company secretary takes minutes at the board meeting and annual general meetings. Filing with the companies house, maintaining company records and statutory books are some of the important deals of company secretary. A company secretary deals with stock transfer and dividends he ensures the security of the company’s legal documents. He also ensures compliance with all the legal and the statutory requirements. He builds up a contact with external and regulatory bodies Roles and responsibilities The Company in all sectors have high level responsibilities including governance structures and mechanisms, corporate conduct within an organization’s regulatory environment, board, shareholder and trustee meetings, compliance with legal, regulatory and listing requirements, the training and induction of non-executives and trustees, contact with regulatory and external bodies, reports and circulars to shareholders/trustees, management of employee benefits such as pensions and employee share, insurance administration and organization, the negotiation of contracts, risk management, property administration and organization and the interpretation of financial accounts. Company secretaries are the primary source of advice on the conduct of business and this can span everything from legal advice on conflicts of interest, through accounting advice on financial reports, to the development of strategy and corporate planning. Among public companies in North America, providing advice on corporate governance issues is an increasingly important role for corporate secretaries. Many shareholders, particularly institutional investors, view sound corporate governance as essential to board and company performance. They are quite vocal in encouraging boards to perform frequent corporate governance reviews and to issue written statements of corporate governance principles. The corporate secretary is usually the executive to assist directors in these efforts, providing information on the practices of other companies, and helping the board to tailor corporate governance principles and practices to fit the board's needs and expectations of investors. In some companies, the role of the corporate secretary as corporate governance adviser has been formalized, with a title such as Chief Governance Officer added to their existing title. In view of the important roles the company secretary plays in business, PLC’s and large companies require the company secretary to be suitably trained, experienced and professionally qualified for these responsibilities. In the UK, the company secretary may be qualified by virtue of examination and membership of the institute of chartered company secretary and administration (ICSA), which is the main qualification specifically for company secretaries. ICSA is the body dedicated to the advancement and recognition of professional administration based on a combination of degree-level studies, carefully vetted experience and sponsorship by two people of professional status. Only a person thus qualified is entitled to be designated a ‘Chartered Secretary' or ‘Chartered Company Secretary'. The Faculty of Secretaries and Administrators founded in 1930 is the second body of corporate secretaries in the United Kingdom and now has a strong emphasis on equality work and governance and its members are designated ‘corporate secretaries' or ‘certified public secretaries'. It is expected that Company Secretaries of Publicly Quoted Companies will be professionally qualified through ICSA, one of the Chartered Professional Bodies in the Accountancy Profession or have appropriate training and experience through another body. In India, the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) regulates the profession of Company secretaries. ICSI is a statutory professional body which has more than 29,010 associate members. Chartered secretaries are employed as chairs, chief executives and non-executive directors, as well as executives and company secretaries. Some chartered secretaries are also known in their own companies as corporate secretarial executives/managers or corporate secretarial directors. Chartered Secretaries are the sixth highest paid employees in the UK according to the Office for National Statistics Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (March 2010). Many corporate secretaries of North American public companies are lawyers and some serve as their corporation's general counsel. While this can be helpful in the execution of their duties it can also create ambiguity as to what is legal advice, protected by privilege, and what is business advice. In India every company having a paid up share capital of Rs. 50 million (5 crores) or more is required to appoint a qualified person as Company Secretary. A company having not less than Rs. one million (10 lacs) paid up capital and not required to appoint a full-time company Secretary should file a compliance certificate signed by a practising Company Secretary with the Registrar of Companies. Section 383A of the Companies Act, 1956 provides for the mandatory appointment of a whole time secretary where the paid up capital of the Company exceeds Rs. 50 million (5 crores). If the capital is less than Rs. 50 million (5 crores), the company is required to obtain a secretarial compliance certificate and attach the same to the Directors' Report and file it with the Registrar of Companies. Statutory declarations of compliance under various other provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 are also to be certified by practicing company secretaries. Under the MCA 21 e filing regime several forms (including some, exclusively) are required to be pre-certified by practicing company secretaries. The MCA 21 regime has ushered in a dramatic change in the role and profile of the profession, particularly, the practicing side. The annual returns of companies listed on recognized stock exchanges are to be signed by a practising company secretary. Further, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) also recognizes the Company Secretary as the Compliance Officer and the practicing company secretary to issue various certificates under its Regulations. Further, the practicing Company Secretaries are also authorized to certify compliance of conditions of corporate governance in case of listed companies. The Reserve Bank of India also authorizes company secretaries to issue various certificates. The Institute of Company Secretaries of India is the premier professional body to develop and regulate the profession of Company Secretaries in India. It was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1980. When the Companies Bill, 2011 will be passed by the parliament and becomes an Act, the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will be given powers of a court and all matters relating to Company Law would be heard before it instead of High Court. A Company Secretary would be eligible to appear before NCLT. This will open more opportunities for a Company Secretary. What Does a Corporate Secretary Do? So just what does a Corporate Secretary* do, anyway? A good question, but difficult to answer! While the basic duties of the Corporate Secretary can be outlined easily, the position's overall responsibilities–and the fit of the role within senior management–vary and are more difficult to explain. A â€Å"Corporate Secretary† is required by state corporation laws for every corporation; he or she is, at the most basic level, the individual who keeps the official records and minutes of the corporation. Corporate by-laws set forth the powers and duties of the Corporate Secretary and other corporate officers. One may think that the Corporate Secretary is merely a combination of scrivener and custodian, but this is not the case in practice. The Corporate Secretary in today's world is a senior corporate officer with wide-ranging responsibilities, who serves as a focal point for communication with and between the board of directors, senior management and the company's shareholders, and who has a key role in the administration of the Board and critical corporate matters. The Corporate Secretary is often a confidante and counselor to the Chief Executive Officer, members of the Board, and other members of senior management, especially on corporate governance matters. A key responsibility for the Corporate Secretary is to ensure that Board members have the proper advice and resources for discharging their fiduciary duties to shareholders under state law. A Corporate Secretary also is responsible for ensuring that the records of the Board's actions reflect the proper exercise of those fiduciary duties. Some Corporate Secretaries who are lawyers handle this function themselves; others partner with the General Counsel and/or outside counsel. The function ranges from making sure new directors have training in the applicable state law duties and the business of the company, to ensuring that management follows the proper steps for major corporate actions such as share issuances, the declaration of dividends, and mergers, acquisitions, or dispositions of corporate assets. A Corporate Secretary also provides advice on corporate governance ssues, particularly related to the re-election of directors and other shareholder action taken at Annual Meetings. Many shareholders, particularly institutional investors, view sound corporate governance as essential to board and company performance. The Corporate Secretary is usually responsible for a comp any’s Corporate Governance Principles or Guidelines. In some companies, the role of the Secretary as corporate governance adviser has been formalized, with a title such as Chief Governance Officer or Corporate Governance Officer added to their existing title. Most Corporate Secretaries are responsible for the following : (More details are available by clicking on some of these topics. ) 1. Board and Committee Meetings