Untitled Essay Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION What is Evolution? Development is the procedure by which all life thingshave developed from crude beings through alterations happening overbillions of old ages, a procedure that includes all animate beings and workss. Precisely howevolution occurs is still a affair of argument, but there are many differenttheories and that it occurs is a scientific fact. Biologists agree that all livingthings come through a long history of alterations shaped by physical andchemical procedures that are still taking topographic point. It is possible that all organismscan be traced back to the beginning of Life from one celled organims.The most direct cogent evidence of development is the scientific discipline of Paleontology, orthe survey of life in the yesteryear through dodo remains or feelings, normally inrock. Changes occur in life beings that serve to increase theiradaptability, for endurance and reproduction, in altering environments.Evolution seemingly has no constitutional way intent. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A given sort oforganism may germinate merely when it occurs in a assortment of signifiers differing inhereditary traits, that are passed from parent to offspring. By opportunity, somevarieties prove to be badly adapted to their current environment and thusdisappear, whereas others prove to be adaptative, and their Numberss increase.The riddance of the unfit, or the endurance of the fittest, is known asNatural Selection because it is nature that discards or favours aarticular being. Evolution takes topographic point merely when natural choice operates on apopulation of beings incorporating diverse inheritable signifiers. History Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis ( 1698-1759 ) was the first topropose a general theory of development. He said that familial stuff, dwelling of atoms, was transmitted from parents to offspring. His opinionof the portion played by natural choice had small influence on other naturalists. Until the mid-19th century, naturalists believed that each species wascreated individually, either through a supreme being or through spontaneousgeneration the construct that organisms arose to the full developed from dirt or H2O. Thework of the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus in progressing the sorting ofbiological beings focused attending on the close similarity between certainspecies. Guess began as to the being of a kind of blood relationshipbetween these species. These inquiries coupled with the emerging scientific disciplines ofgeology and palaeontology gave rise to hypotheses that the life-forms of the dayevolved from earlier signifiers through a procedure of alteration. Highly of import wasthe realisation that different beds of stone represented different clip periods andthat each bed had a typical set of dodos of life-forms that had lived in the yesteryear. Lamarckism Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of several theoreticians who proposed anevolutionary theory based on the usage and neglect of variety meats. Lamarck stated thatan single acquires traits during its life-time and that such traits are in some wayput into the familial stuff and passed to the following coevals. Thiswas an effort to explicate how a species could alter bit by bit over time.According to Lamarck, camelopard, for illustration, have long cervixs because for manygenerations single giraffes stretched to make the uppermost foliages of trees, ineach coevals the camelopard added some length to their cervixs, and they passed thison to their progeny. New variety meats arise from new demands and develop inthe extent that they are used, neglect of variety meats leads totheir disappearing. Subsequently, the scientific discipline of Genetics disproved Lamarck # 8217 ; s theory, itwas found that acquired traits can non be inherited. Malthus Thomas Robert Malthus, an English reverend, through his work An Essayon the Principle of Population, had a great influence in directing naturalists towarda theory of natural choice. Malthus proposed that environmental factors such asfamine and disease limited population growing. Darwin After more than 20 old ages of observation and experiment, Charles Darwinproposed his theory of development through natural choice to the Linnean Societyof London in 1858. He presented his find along with another Englishnaturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently discovered natural choice atabout the same clip. The undermentioned twelvemonth Darwin published his full theory, supported with tremendous grounds, in On the Origin of Species. Geneticss The part of genetic sciences to the apprehension of development hasbeen the account of the heritage in persons of the same species. GregorMendel discovered the basic rules of heritage in 1865, but his work wasunknown to Darwin. Mendel # 8217 ; s work was rediscovered by other scientists around1900. From that clip to 1925 the scientific discipline of genetic sciences developed quickly, and manyof Darwin # 8217 ; s thoughts about the heritage of fluctuations were found to be incorrect.Only since 1925 has natural choice once more been recognized as essentialin development. The modern theory of development combines the findings of moderngenetics with the basic model supplied by Darwin and Wallace, making thebasic rule of Population Genetics. Modern population genetic sciences was developedlargely during the 1930s and # 8217 ; 40s by the mathematicians J. B. S. Haldane and R. A.Fisher and by the life scientists Theodosius Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord SIMPSON, Sewall Wright, Berhard Rensch, and G. LedyardStebbins. Harmonizing to the theory, variableness among persons in a population ofsexually reproducing beings is produced by mutant and geneticrecombination. The resulting familial variableness is capable to natural choice in theenvironment. Population GENETICS The word population is used in a particular sense to depict development. Thestudy of individual persons provides few hints as to the possible results ofevolution because individual persons can non germinate in their life-time. An individualrepresents a shop of cistrons that participates in development merely when those cistrons arepassed on to farther coevalss, or populations. The cistron is the basic unit in thecell for conveying familial features to offspring. Persons are unitsupon which natural choice operates, but the tendency of development can be tracedthrough clip merely for groups of crossbreeding persons, populations can beanalyzed statistically and their development predicted in footings of norm Numberss. The Hardy-Weinberg jurisprudence, which was discovered independently in 1908 bya British mathematician, Godfrey H. Hardy, and a German doctor, WilhelmWeinberg, provides a criterion for quantitatively mensurating the extent ofevolutionary alteration in a population. The jurisprudence states that the cistron frequences, orratios of different cistrons in a population, will stay changeless unless they arechanged by outside forces, such as selective reproduction and mutant. Thisdiscovery reestablished natural choice as an evolutionary force. Comparing theactual cistron frequences observed in a population with the frequences predicted, bythe Hardy-Weinberg jurisprudence gives a numerical step of how far the populationdeviates from a nonevolving province called the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Given alarge, indiscriminately engendering population, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will holdtrue, because it depends on the Torahs of chance. Changes are produced in thegene pool through mutants, cistron flow, familial impetus, and natural choice. Mutant A mutant is an inheritable alteration in the character of a cistron. Mutationsmost frequently occur spontaneously, but they may be induced by some externalstimulus, such as irradiation or certain chemicals. The rate of mutant in worlds isextremely low ; however, the figure of cistrons in every sex cell, is so big thatthe chance is high for at least one cistron to transport a mutant. Gene Flow New cistrons can be introduced into a population through new breedingorganisms or gametes from another population, as in works pollen. Gene flow canwork against the procedures of natural choice. Familial Drift A alteration in the cistron pool due to opportunity is called familial impetus. Thefrequency of loss is greater the smaller the population. Therefore, in little populationsthere is a inclination for less fluctuation because couples are more similar genetically. Natural Choice Over a period of clip natural choice will ensue in alterations in thefrequency of allelomorphs in the cistron pool, or greater divergence from the nonevolvingstate, represented by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. New SPECIES New species may germinate either by the alteration of one species to another orby the splitting of one species into two or more new species. Splitting, thepredominant manner of species formation, consequences from the geographical isolation ofpopulations of species. Isolated populations undergo different mutants, andselection force per unit areas and may germinate along different lines. If the isolation is sufficientto prevent crossbreeding with other populations, these differences may becomeextensive plenty to set up a new species. The evolutionary alterations broughtabout by isolation include differences in the generative systems of the group.When a individual group of organisms diversifies over clip into several subgroups byexpanding into the available niches of a new environment, it is said to undergoAdaptive Radiation. Darwin # 8217 ; s Finches, in the Galapagos Islands, West of Ecuador, illustrateadaptive radiation. They were likely the first land birds to make the islands, and, in the absence of competition, they occupied several ecological home grounds anddiverged along several different lines. Such forms of divergency are reflected inthe life scientists # 8217 ; strategy of categorization of beings, which groups together animalsthat have common features. An adaptative radiation followed the foremost conquestof land by craniates. Natural choice can besides take populations of different species populating insimilar environments or holding similar ways of life to germinate similar characteristics.This is called convergent development and reflects the similar selective force per unit area ofsimilar environments. Examples of convergent development are the oculus in cephalodmollusks, such as the octopus, and in craniates ; wings in insects, nonextant flyingreptiles, birds, and chiropterans ; and the flipperlike extremities of the sea polo-neck ( reptilian ) , penguin ( bird ) , and seahorse ( mammal ) . MOLECULAR EVOLUTION An spring of new grounds back uping development has come in the 20thcentury from molecular biological science, an unknown field in Darwin # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours. Thefundamental dogma of molecular biological science is that cistrons are coded sequences of theDNA molecule in the chromosome and that a cistron codifications for a precise sequence ofamino acids in a protein. Mutants alter DNA chemically, taking to modified ornew proteins. Over evolutionary clip, proteins have had histories that are astraceable as those of large-scale constructions such as castanetss and dentitions. The farther inthe yesteryear that some hereditary stock diverged into contemporary species, the moreevident are the alterations in the amino-acid sequences of the proteins of thecontemporary species. PLANT EVOLUTION Biologists believe that workss arose from the multicellular green algae ( phylum Chlorophyta ) that invaded the land about 1.2 billion old ages ago. Evidence isbased on modern green algae holding in common with modern workss the samephotosynthetic pigments, cell walls of cellulose, and multicell signifiers holding a lifecycle characterized by Alternation Of Generations. Photosynthesis about certainlydeveloped foremost in bacterium. The green algae may hold been preadapted to land. The two major groups of workss are the nonvascular plants and the vascular plants ; the two groups most likely diverged from one common group of workss. Thebryophytes, which lack complex carry oning systems, are little and are found inmoist countries. The vascular plant s are workss with efficient carry oning systems ; theydominate the landscape today. The seed is the major development in vascular plants, and it is most of import for endurance on land. Fossil grounds indicates that land workss foremost appeared during the SilurianPeriod of the Paleozoic Era ( 425-400 million old ages ago ) and diversified in theDevonian Period. Near the terminal of the Carboniferous Period, fernlike workss hadseedlike constructions. At the stopping point of the Permian Period, when the land became drierand colder, seed workss gained an evolutionary advantage and became the dominantplants. Plant foliages have a broad scope of forms and sizes, and some fluctuations ofleaves are versions to the environment ; for illustration, little, leathery foliages foundon workss in dry climes are able to conserve H2O and gaining control less visible radiation. Besides, early flowering plants adapted to seasonal H2O deficits by dropping their leavesduring periods of drouth. Evidence FOR Development The Fossil Record has of import penetrations into the history of life. The orderof dodos, get downing at the underside and lifting upward in graded stone, corresponds totheir age, from oldest to youngest. Deep Welsh stones, up to 570 million old ages old, contain the remains ofvarious marine invertebrate animate beings, sponges, Portuguese man-of-war, worms, shellfish, starfish, and crustaceans. These invertebrates were already so good developed that they musthave become differentiated during the long period predating the Welsh. Somefossil-bearing stones lying good below the oldest Welsh strata contain imprints ofjellyfish, paths of worms, and hints of soft corals and other animate beings of uncertainnature. Paleozoic Waterss were dominated by arthropods called trilobites and largescorpionlike signifiers called eurypterids. Common in all Paleozoic periods ( 570-230million old ages ago ) were the nautiloid, which are related to the modern nautilus, andthe lamp shells, or brachiopods. The uneven graptolites, colonial animate beings whosecarbonaceous remains resemble pencil Markss, attained the extremum of theirdevelopment in the Ordovician Period ( 500-430 million old ages ago ) and thenabruptly declined. In the mid-1980s research workers found fossil carnal tunnels inrocks of the Ordovician Period ; these hint dodos indicate that terrestrialecosystems may hold evolved sooner than was one time thought. Many of the Paleozoic Marine invertebrate groups either became nonextant ordeclined aggressively in Numberss before the Mesozoic Era ( 230-65 million old ages ago ) .During the Mesozoic, shelled ammonites flourished in the seas, and insects andreptiles were the prevailing land animate beings. At the stopping point of the Mesozoic the once-successful Marine ammonites perished and the reptilian dynasty collapsed, givingway to birds and mammals. Insects have continued to boom and hold differentiatedinto a astonishing figure of species. During the class of development works and animate being groups have interacted toone another # 8217 ; s advantage. For illustration, as blossoming workss have become lessdependent on air current for pollenation, a great assortment of insects have emerged asspecialists in transporting pollen. The colourss and aromas of flowers hold evolvedas versions to pull insects. Birds, which feed on seeds, fruits, and buds, haveevolved quickly in confidant association with the blossoming workss. The emergence ofherbivorous mammals has coincided with the widespread distribution of grasses, and the herbivorous mammals in bend have contributed to the development ofcarnivorous mammals. Fish and Amphibians During the Devonian Period ( 390-340 million old ages ago ) the huge land areasof the Earth were mostly populated by carnal life, salvage for rare animals likescorpions and millepedes. The seas, nevertheless, were crowded with a assortment ofinvertebrate animate beings. The fresh and salt Waterss besides contained cartilaginous andbony Fish. From one of the many groups of fish inhabiting pools and swampsemerged the first land craniates, get downing the craniates on their conquering of allavailable tellurian home grounds. Among the legion Devonian aquatic signifiers were the Crossopterygii, lobe-finned fish that possessed the ability to quaff air when they rose to the surface.These ancient air- external respiration fish represent the stock from which the foremost landvertebrates, the amphibious vehicles, were derived. Scientists continue to speculate aboutwhat led to venture onto land. The lobefins that migrated onto land wereonly crudely adapted for tellurian being, but because they did non encountercompetitors, they survived. Lobe-finned fish did, nevertheless, possess certain features that servedthem good in their new environment, including crude lungs and internal anterior nariss, both of which are indispensable for take a breathing out of the water.Such features, called preadaptations, did non develop because the others werepreparing to migrate to the land ; they were already present by accident and becameselected traits merely when they imparted an advantage to the fish on land. The early land-dwelling amphibious vehicles were thin-bodied with fishlike dress suits, butthey had limbs capable of motive power on land. These limbs likely developedfrom the sidelong fives, which contained heavy lobes that in bend contained bonyelements. The antediluvian amphibians neer became wholly adapted for being onland, nevertheless. They spent much of their lives in the H2O, and their moderndescendants, the salamanders, newts, toads, and toads # 8211 ; still must return to H2O todeposit their eggs. The riddance of a water-dwelling phase, which was achievedby the reptilians, represented a major evolutionary progress. The Reptilian Age Possibly the most of import factor lending to the going of reptilesfrom the amphibious vehicles was the development of a shell- covered egg that could be laidon land. This development enabled the reptilians to distribute throughout the Earth # 8217 ; slandmasses in one of the most dramatic adaptative radiations in biological history. Like the eggs of birds, which developed subsequently, reptilian eggs contain acomplex series of membranes that protect and nourish the embryo and aid itbreathe. The infinite between the embryo and the amniotic sac is filled with an amnioticfluid that resembles seawater ; a similar fluid is found in the foetuss of mammals, including worlds. This fact has been interpreted as an indicant that life originatedin the sea and that the balance of salts in assorted organic structure fluids did non alteration verymuch in development. The membranes found in the human embryo are essentiallysimilar to those in reptilian and bird eggs. The human yolk pouch remains little andfunctionless, and the exhibits have no development in the human embryo.Nevertheless, the presence of a yolk pouch and allantois in the human embryo is oneof the strongest pieces of grounds documenting the evolutionary relationshipsamong the widely differing sorts of craniates. This suggests that mammals, including worlds, are descended from animate beings that reproduced by agencies ofexternally laid eggs that were rich in yolk. The reptilians, and in peculiar the dinosaurs, were the dominant landanimals of the Earth for good over 100 million old ages. The Mesozoic Era, duringwhich the reptilians thrived, is frequently referred to as the Age of Reptiles. In footings of evolutionary success, the larger the animate being, the greater thelikelihood that the animate being will keep a changeless Body Temperature independentof the environmental temperature. Birds and mammals, for illustration, bring forth andcontrol their ain organic structure heat through internal metabolic activities ( a province known asendothermy, or warm-bloodedness ) , whereas today # 8217 ; s reptilians are thermally unstable ( inhuman ) , modulating their organic structure temperatures by behavioural activities ( thephenomenon of ectothermy ) . Most scientists regard dinosaurs as lumbering, oversized, inhuman lizards, instead than big, lively, animate beings with fast metabolicrates ; some life scientists, nevertheless # 8211 ; notably Robert T. Bakker of The Johns HopkinsUniversity # 8211 ; assert that a immense dinosaur could non perchance have warmed up everymorning on a cheery stone and must hold relied on internal heat production. The reptilian dynasty collapsed before the stopping point of the Mesozoic Era.Relatively few of the Mesozoic reptilians have survived to modern times ; thoseremaining include the Crocodile, Lizard, serpent, and polo-neck. The cause of the declineand decease of the big array of reptilians is unknown, but their disappearing isusually attributed to some extremist alteration in environmental conditions. Like the elephantine reptilians, most line of descents of beings have finally becomeextinct, although some have non changed appreciably in 1000000s of old ages. Theopossum, for illustration, has survived about unchanged since the late CretaceousPeriod ( more than 65 million old ages ago ) , and the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus, is notvery different from fossils 500 million old ages old. We have no account for theunexpected stableness of such beings ; possibly they have achieved an almostperfect accommodation to a unchanging environment. Such stable signifiers, nevertheless, arenot at all dominant in the universe today. The human species, one of the dominantmodern life signifiers, has evolved quickly in a really short clip. The Rise of Mammals The diminution of the reptilians provided evolutionary chances for birds andmammals. Small and invisible during the Mesozoic Era, mammals rose tounquestionable laterality during the Cenozoic Era ( get downing 65 million yearsago ) . The mammals diversified into Marine signifiers, such as the giant, mahimahi, seal, and seahorse ; fossorial ( adapted to delving ) signifiers populating underground, such asthe mole ; winging and gliding animate beings, such as the chiropteran and winging squirrel ; andcursorial animate beings ( adapted for running ) , such as the Equus caballus. These variousmammalian groups are good adapted to their different manners of life, particularly bytheir extremities, which developed from common ascendants to go specializedfor swimming, flight, and motion on land. Although there is small superficial resemblance among the arm of a individual, the fin of a giant, and the wing of a chiropteran, a closer comparing of their skeletalelements shows that, bone for bone, they are structurally similar. Biologists regardsuch structural similarities, or homologies, as grounds of evolutionary relationships.The homologous limb castanetss of all four-legged craniates, for illustration, areassumed to be derived from the limb castanetss of a common ascendant. Biologists arecareful to separate such homologous characteristics from what they call analogousfeatures, which perform similar maps but are structurally different. Forexample, the wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly are correspondent ; both areused for flight, but they are wholly different structurally. Analogous constructions donot indicate evolutionary relationships. Closely related dodos preserved in uninterrupted sequences of stone stratahave allowed evolutionists to follow in item the development of many species as it hasoccurred over several million old ages. The lineage of the Equus caballus can be tracedthrough 1000s of dodo remains to a little terrier-sized animate being with four toes onthe front pess and three toes on the hind pess. This ascendant lived in the EoceneEpoch, approximately 54 million old ages ago. From dodos in the higher beds of stratifiedrock, the Equus caballus is found to hold bit by bit acquired its modern signifier by eventuallyevolving to a one-toed Equus caballus about like modern Equus caballuss and eventually to the modernhorse, which dates back about 1 million old ages. Decision TO EVOLUTION Although we are non wholly certain that development is how we got the manner weare now, it is a strong belief among many people today, and scientist are findingmore and more grounds to endorse up the evolutionary theory.

The Ultimate Gift Essay Essay Example

The Ultimate Gift Essay Essay Example The Ultimate Gift Essay Paper The Ultimate Gift Essay Paper Geting a gift is one of the many and fantastic worlds of life. Gift may be obtained from many beginnings and is given for assorted grounds hence its value is something that is treasured. However. beyond the touchable nature of gift are the significantly indispensable experiences and lessons that an person is able to deduce from it. Hence. gift affects the life of the receiver as it elicits different feelings and consequences to unmeasurable deductions. The complexness of today’s modern universe. nevertheless. manifests that gift is more apprehended by its virtue or how it is able to leave of import life messages. This is because it is merely through an effectual and traveling manifestation of life worlds and lessons that people are able to hold on the true significance or principle behind gift-giving. Gifts come in many ways. More valued than the material gifts are those that are given chiefly with an purpose to alter the life and values of the receiver. A concrete word picture of such status is the gift which was merely obtained by its receiver after he experienced a ambitious journey. The said travel is required in order for the individual to finally acquire his ultimate gift. En path to his finish. the adult male is in chase and able to happen himself therefore later offered a portion of him to others. In making so. the gifts which he obtained are the really same gifts that he offered and benefited the other receivers. Jim Stovall’s ( 2007 ) book titled â€Å"The Ultimate Gift† exemplified such status of gift-giving wherein the receiver had his personal realisation of the beauty of life. This acknowledgment of the value of gift itself and its worthwhile effects to one’s life made the chief receiver to adhere to a demand to portion the gifts he received intentionally to besides impact the lives of other people. The Ultimate Gift. an Overview Stovall’s symbolical and inspirational novel presented the character of a spoilt immature adult male named Jason Stevens who. neer in his life. experient life’s challenges until the decease of his great uncle – the affluent patriarch Howard â€Å"Red† Stevens ( Stovall ) . Jason is every bit avaricious as the remainder of the Stevens kin therefore the reading of the last will and testament of the asleep patriarch was intentionally done by lawyer-friend Theodore Hamilton in a manner that Jason will be left responsible to carry through the earnest hope of Red to work and seek for the ultimate gift. The fact that there is nil particular about Jason. being the great nephew of Red. made the latter choice him from among the full Stevens household and entrust him with a one billion dollar trust fund. However. Jason’s luck is hard-earned because before eventually acquiring his one million millions. he is required to carry through a status incorporating around 12 undertakings or duties which he needs to detect for himself and finally do for others. As Jason started his journey. he accidentally discovered the worlds and lessons of life by necessarily sing the many gifts of life until he was eventually faced with the ultimate gift which tells of the relationship between wealth and felicity ( Stovall 19 ) . Red’s designed program for Jason has proven its worth as the life and destiny of a antecedently irresponsible adult male. who anticipated that he will easy collects and spends his one million millions of heritage. was changed by a year-long challenge. As the singled-out and â€Å"the last trace of hope in the Stevens household. † ( Stovall 22 ) Jason was perceived by Red as the 1 who can light and turn something into a bally chase for the true significance of the gifts of life ( Stovall 22 ) . The patriarch’s attempts were non lost as Jason in the terminal. was reformed and shared the several gifts of life which he discovered and experienced. Last. Jason finally realized that the ultimate gift is the gift of love and felicity which merely the Creator can supply and which can merely be achieved when shared with others. Life Realities. Lessons and Gifts Stovall’s â€Å"The Ultimate Gift† is a concrete manifestation that jobs in life can be grounds or evidences for people to joy. In fact. life crisis can be taken as an chance or may really be a gift merely in camouflage. This is what the narrative of Jason has manifested. The disputing worlds enabled Jason to larn his lessons in life and finally acquire his ultimate gift – a gift which is intangible and that even a one billion dollar worth of trust fund can non embrace. The determination of helper Red to put aside a particular gift for Jason. which the latter can merely accomplish upon completion of a challenge. was worthwhile. This is because Jason was non merely faced with the worlds of life but learned life lessons as good and eventually got the ultimate gift. Due to the patriarch’s wisdom and love. he did non do Jason an instant billionaire and alternatively brought out the best in him being the lone staying leftover of hope for the Stevens kin ( Nuzzo ) . With Hamilton’s supervising. Red’s ultimate gift was handed over to Jason who subsequently learned of the inside informations of his great uncle’s program through a series of pre-recorded messages. The videotapes informed Jason of the challenge which he needs to make or carry through. In making so. Jason is faced with a sequence of trials which finally unleashed him on a hero-like mythic travel in hunt or chase of his ultimate gift. During the journey. Jason encountered jobs which challenged his beliefs. The obstructions. nevertheless. enabled Jason to turn and maturate piece at the same clip discovered the true significance and important of a well-lived being in this universe. The readers may happen the recorded messages and directives as excessively engineered. Fortunately for Red. the program had its intent while for Jason. it served as a worthwhile tool for his personal waking up and eventual realisation of the sugariness of accomplishing the ultimate gift. A critical analysis of the Stovall book explains the ground behind how the populace is swept off in the personal journey of Jason. This is because the readers. like Jason. are directed towards the chase and accomplishment of life’s ultimate gifts. The book. through Jason’s journey. is like a manifestation of life worlds. challenges. lessons where in the terminal lies or offers an resistless gift. In fact. the Stovall novel did non present major surprises or some enigmas. This is because simple worlds are normally the most brooding and at all times deserving retrieving ( Nuzzo ) . The narrative unconsciously presented the being of God and His gifts because it established the rule that life is the ultimate gift from the Creator. However. Stovall wrote the book in such a manner that it did non attest any signifier of religious philosophy or tenet. This is because the book’s worlds. lessons and gifts are general in nature. Additionally. the nucleus values and messages of life are relevant to individuals of any religious association and even to those with no spiritual association ( Nuzzo ) . One manifestation of the lesson learned by Jason is how he spent his $ 1. 500 net incomes. Not merely did Jason was able to work for his money but he besides discovered the gift of sharing it sagely with people who are in demand ( Stovall 44-46 ) . This portion showed how Jason got the ultimate gift which represented a moral motive every bit good as a important mode to relay nucleus values. rules and memorable life events which are decidedly needed by people. Decision The realisation of life lessons. which allowed Jason Stevens to value and use the many gifts that he acquired from his year-long challenge. has proven to be the ultimate gift that the asleep Red Stevens has reserved for his great nephew. In fact. it is non merely Jason who can profit from the ultimate gift which was presented by Stovall in a traveling novel. The 12 gifts and the ultimate gift which is the gift of felicity are contemplations of human lives. The book has merely manifested the gifts in a manner that it allows the reader to contemplate on the significance and application of each gift. As for Jason. he was fortunate that he accomplished the challenge and grasped the ultimate gift that wealth is undistinguished compared with the felicity of sharing good workss with other people. Plants Cited Nuzzo. Michele. â€Å"Life Lessons – A Book Review of The Ultimate Gift. † 2008.Ezine Articles.11 September 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles. com/ ? Life-Lessons- A-Book-Review-of-The-Ultimate-Gift A ; id=1265081 gt ; . Stovall. Jim.The Ultimate Gift.Colorado Spring. Colorado: David C. Cook Distribution. 2007.

Audit Evidence

Evidence – information used by the auditor to draw conclusions on the fair presentation of the financial statements. Audit objectives suggest the types of evidence to accumulate. II. Decisions on evidence accumulation A. Which audit procedures to use. General Objectives: Six TRAOs Eight BRAOs Four PDAOs Accounting Cycles: Five Management Assertions Specific Objectives: At least: Six TRAOs Eight BRAOs Four PDAOs Audit Procedures: At least one and likely more for each specific TRAO, BRAO, PDAOs Audit procedures frequently â€Å"cover† more than one audit objective! Select a sample of sales invoices and trace to the shipping document agreeing name and quantity. Preparation Question: What is an audit procedure? B. What sample size to select for a given procedure. C. Which items to select from the population. D. When to perform the procedures (timing). III. Audit Program Preparation Question: What is an audit program? IV. Persuasiveness of evidence Which audit procedures: A. Appropriateness 1. Relevance Example: Trace from sales invoices in the Sales Journal to shipping documents. B. Reliability 1. Independence of provider – 2. Effectiveness of client’s internal control structure (strong vs. weak) 3. Auditor’s direct knowledge 4. Qualifications of provider 5. Objectivity What sample size and which items: C. Sufficient 1. Likelihood of misstatements 2. Quality of internal control When to perform D. Timeliness Other factors: E. Combined effect F. Cost 2 V. Type of Evidence Preparation question: Enter key words that define each of the types of evidence listed. Type Definition Grade 1. Physical examination 2. Confirmation 3. Documentation: External Internal – good Internal – bad 4. Analytical procedures: Tailored Broad 5. Inquiries of the client 6. Recalculation 7. Reperformance 8. Observation In-class exercise: Audit Procedure 1. Examine supporting documents for cash disbursements several days before and after year-end. 2. Examine the acquisitions and cash disbursements journals for the last few days of the current period and first few days of the succeeding period, looking for large or unusual transactions. 3. Trace from the general ledger trail balance and supporting documentation to determine whether accounts payable, related parties, and other related assets and liabilities are properly included on the financial statements. 4. For liabilities that are payable in a foreign currency, determine the exchange rate and check calculations. 5. Discuss with the bookkeeper whether any amounts included on the accounts payable list are due to related parties, debit balances, or notes payable. 6. Obtain vendors’ statements from the controller and reconcile to the listing of accounts payable. 7. Obtain vendors’ statements directly from vendors and reconcile to the listing of account payable. 8. Obtain a list of accounts payable. Re-add and compare with the general ledger. Type of Evidence BRAOs 3 Example of writing/creating audit procedures: Situation: The following depicts the document flow for sales for a typical company. Customer/ Sales Order Bill of Lading Sales Invoice Sales Journal General Ledger Financial Statements General Objective TRAO – Occurrence Specific Objective Audit Procedures TRAO – Completeness See Table 7-6 (p. 187) for good â€Å"buzz† words to use when constructing an audit procedure.

Approaches to studying climate disease connection; policy implications Assignment

Approaches to studying climate disease connection; policy implications of health, climate, extreme weather - Assignment Example There also exist the climate-inspired predictive approaches of transmission of diseases deemed infectious. Each approach adds value to the expansion of the inter-field efforts that aim to highlight influence of climatic changes and intense weather patterns on distribution of infectious diseases and trends of transmission. Chapter 4 analyses the implications of policies formulated and implemented in relation to the health effects of climatic changes and extreme weather occurrences. These policies are based on the basis of human mobility and patterns of migration of infectious diseases and as expected, the policies and mitigation efforts need to adopt more process-connected approaches rather than reaction/outcome based approaches. However, challenges touch on the public health implementations that seek to address climatic change implications and long overdue spotlight on single-disease threats as opposed to ‘long-term and systematic stresses’ that yield wide ranges of health implications. The above named website was created by the Climate Change Connection which is a Non-Governmental Organization that aims at educating people about climatic changes and also facilitates climate dynamic

Alchohol as a Fuel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alchohol as a Fuel - Essay Example The burning characteristics of methanol entail bright blue flame. Methanol is also a colorless liquid, which is very volatile. The odor of methanol is unique and distinctive. The burning characteristic of methanol is bright white flame (Yant, 2012). The paper also studies the physical effects between ethanol and methanol. Ethanol is the main ingredient of fermented beverages and also distilled alcoholic drinks. People who ingest ethanol experience the intoxication feeling. However, the consumers of ethanol can vomit or suffer from alcohol poisoning after taking large volumes of the substance. On the contrary, methanol must never be inhales, ingested or contact the skin. Small doses of the substance are very harmful. Ingesting small doses can highly cause blindness, and in worse scenarios be fatal. Ethanol is used in the production of alcoholic beverages. This is due to its intoxicating effects. The substance is also utilized as a category of alternative fuel. The alternative fuel is mainly produced using sugarcane and corn by products. Specially designed cars, mostly in the United States, utilize approximately 85% ethanol fuel. Ethanol fuel is also used in rocket fuel. Antiseptic characteristics of the substance ensure its usage in the production of hand gels and antibacterial wipes. Ethanol is a god solvent, hence greatly used as a base for different categories of paints and perfumes (Smith & Snyder, 2008). On the other hand, methanol is mainly used in the generation of other chemicals like formaldehyde. The substance is very desirable as fuel for the stunt and race vehicles. This is because it is not as flammable as gasoline, and water can distinguish its flame easily. Small quantities of methanol are used in the manufacture of denatured alcohol, plus also the production of solvents. The two substances react differently with water. Ethanol and water easily combine to produce homogeneous solution; hence miscible in water. But methanol

Biogeochemical Cycles Essay Example for Free

Biogeochemical Cycles Essay With environmental rhetoric gaining increasing currency in the contemporary zeitgeist, it is commonly supposed that we have a moral responsibility to protect ecosystems and conserve biodiversity, particularly from the ecologically devastating impacts of a human civilization that depends on industrial systems and the capitalization of natural resources. Simply put, conventional thinking suggests that man must protect the environment from his own destructive tendencies, and that this moral responsibility is maintained as the sole reason why governments should implement protective measures on behalf of ecosystems. However, by maintaining that moral and ethical responsibility as the reason behind conservation and biodiversity protection, we also risk overlooking the pragmatic and intelligent justification that provide strong reasons that can harness substantial political will and societal momentum to the environmental movement: That ecosystems provide a variety of services and resources ranging from pollination to water treatment, beneficial to human and non-human life, at little to no expense. (Schroeder, 2007) As Emily Goodwin maintains in a discussion of the importance of natural capital, â€Å"we need to include a very frank discussion of what we get from the Earth,† with a goal of â€Å"[maintaining] the functions and services they provide, such as flood protection, clean water, and clean air.† (Steffen, Levitt Kuck, 2008) Governments should therefore take the initiative to protect ecosystems, simply because it makes good sense to do so, regardless of whether one feels a moral obligation to the planet or one is committed a sublime ethicality in personal impacts. As Tobis (2007) observes, the drive to live sustainably, to protect natural assets and the compulsion to limit consumption, while viewed by some as a negative responsibility and one that has effectively hindered the momentum of the environmental movement, is also a set of principles that makes economic sense. Measures to protect ecosystems means that governments recognize the economic finitude of natural capital, as well as the economic boons that ecosystems naturally provide. REFERENCES Schroeder, K. (2007, August 12) â€Å"Colonizing Planet Earth.† Worldchanging. Retrieved on December 22, 2008 from: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007092.html Steffen, A; Levitt, J; Kuck, S. (2008, November 28) â€Å"The Future of Public Lands in the United States.† Worldchanging. Retrieved on December 22, 2008 from: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives//009077.html Tobis, M. (2007, April 30) â€Å"My little world (and yours, too).† Grist. Retrieved on December 22, 2008 from: http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/4/29/195245/792

Growing Up in Araby by James Joyce and Boys and Girls by Alice Munro Es

Growing Up in Araby by James Joyce and Boys and Girls by Alice Munro In the stories â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce, and â€Å"Boys and Girls† by Alice Munro, there is a common theme of growing up. In both of these stories the characters came to a realization of who they were and what they wanted to be. They both are of the age when reality strikes and priorities take on meaning. The characters in both stories evolve through rites of passage but the way in which these revolutions occur differ with each character. These stories can be seen as different from each other in many ways. The young boy lives in a house in a suburban area without a mother or a father, but with guardians. He has a group of friends nearby he hangs out with. Though, he has no siblings. His revelation lets him realize the finer things in life, like women. He finds his friends are boring and no longer wants to play. Also, he obsesses over the young girl across the street in an unhealthy way. It almost seems as if he could grow to be a psychopath. He follows behind her on the way to school, waits for her before school, and watches her from his door. The young girl on the other hand, lives in the outskirts of town, if not pure country. She does not play with anybody but a younger brother she has. She worships her father and neglects her mother. She also has no respect for her mother, although later in the story, she goes on about all the hard work she does. Unlike the boy, the young girl is kept occupied with lots of...

Fine Art Essay

Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. Art was originally used to refer to a skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences (â€Å"Art,† 2013, para. 1). Around the 17th century, a shift in modern art began to develop into fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts (â€Å"Art,† 2013). Sketch aesthetics, also known as esquisses, are preparatory sketches or paintings to quickly capture the idea of a painting (Myers, N. , (2000-2013). The aesthetic of the sketch in the nineteenth-century France). This process was used frequently throughout the time of fine art. The Raft of Medusa by Gericault, and Mount Sainte-Victoria broke traditional fine arts when they combined it with applied arts, which is the application of design to objects of everyday use (â€Å"Applied Arts, 2013). The Raft of the Medusa is an oil painting of 1818–1819 by the French Romantic painter and Lithographer Theodore Gericault (1791–1824) (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013). Gericault undertook extensive research and produced many preparatory sketches. He interviewed two of the survivors, and constructed a detailed scale model of the raft. His efforts took him to morgues and hospitals where he could view, first-hand, the colour and texture of the flesh of the dying and dead (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013, para. 2). This portrait depicts the essence of the gruesome fight that occurred at this naval appointment which was on widely controversial topic concerning the competence of the Ministry of Navy. Although The Raft of the Medusa retains elements of the traditions of history painting, in both its choice of subject matter and its dramatic presentation, it represents a break from the calm and order of the then-prevailing neoclassical school (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013, para. 3). Mount Sainte-Victoria is a series of oil paintings by the French artist Paul Cezanne (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013). This landscape is an iconic mountain in southern France that overlooks the Aix-en Provence. Cezanne often included a sketch of a railroad that ran alongside the mountain in his paintings. Cezanne praised the Mont Sainte-Victoire, which he viewed from the train while passing through the railway bridge at Arc River Valley and soon he began the series wherein he topicalized this mountain (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013, para. 2). Cezanne was skilled at analysis. He used geometry to describe nature, and used different colors to represent the depth of objects (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013). As I can concisely conclude that the Raft of Medusa by Gericault and Mount Sainte-Victoria, in both their choice of subject matter and their presentation, they represent a break from fine arts. These major breakthroughs lead to much criticism, but ultimately led to the rapid change of development in fine arts that influence today’s ideas. These paintings and painters will remain revolutionary topics for years to come. Works Cited:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art

Analysis Of genres Essay

‘Genre’ is a French term meaning â€Å"type† or â€Å"kind†. Putting things into categories is useful in any form of study; it’s a way of establishing some kind of control over an amorphous mass of information. Each medium in the mass media has its own kinds of language, characteristic signs and sign systems. Genre is part of the Key Concept of Language, and can be applied to all kinds of media text. Putting media texts such as film, television programmes, print media, or music into categories is useful as a way of establishing some kind of control over an amorphous mass of information. Each genre follows its own kinds of conventions – language, characteristic signs and sign systems. However, genres are fluid and not fixed and under constant renegotiation between media industry and audience through the combination of the familiar and the unexpected. The standard approach to teaching genre in film and television is to focus on the common codes and conventions. Looking at film posters, trailers or short scene extracts will quickly enable students to identify similarities and differences in characters, location, stories and familiar objects (the iconography). Repeated narrative patterns can be observed and beyond this the recurring theme which leads to exploration of shared ideological messages. For the study of magazines the categorisation might be based on definitions of target audiences – age, gender, ethnicity, class etc. The History and Evolution of Genres Genre analysis also includes understanding the evolution of a genre over time. Genres change and develop because of changes in the culture or historical period in which the genre is being produced. The Western solo hero who was popular in the 1940s and 1950s evolved into the group of heroes in the 1960s and 1970s with Rawhide and Bonanza—shows that reflected a shift in the workplace to that of the group in the corporation or company during that time. And, with the increasing interest in urban crime and international espionage in the 1970s and 1980s, the Western was replaced by the police/detective and the spy/thriller genres. Genres also gain popularity with certain audiences who seek out these genres given the historical or cultural forces operating in a certain period. During the Great Depression, audiences flocked to movie houses to view Hollywood romantic comedies as a way of escaping the grim realities of everyday lives characterized by poverty and deprivation. The nature of the threat in science fiction movies also shifts to reflect changes in fears or threats facing societies. During the 1930s and 1940s, Americans expressed racial fears, as manifested in the rise of the Klu Klux Klan, and in the film, King Kong. During the 1990s, with the increased production of films and the control of media conglomerates over the types of films being made, an increasing number of formulaic genre films were produced. Film studios needed to attract large audiences in order to make a return profit on the millions they invested in high-production, special-effects films, so they turned to safe, familiar genres and sequels. As Wheeler Dixon (2000) argues: What audiences today desire more than ever before is â€Å"more of the same,† and studios, scared to death by rising production and distribution costs, are equally loathe to strike out in new generic directions. Keep audiences satisfied, strive to maintain narrative closure at all costs, and keep within the bounds of heterotopic romance, no matter what genre one is ostensibly working in. Yet, at the same time, the studios must present these old fables in seductive new clothing, with high budgets, major stars, lavish sets, and (if the genre demands it) unremitting action to disguise the second-hand nature of the contemporary genre film (p. 8). Film versus television genres. There are some important differences between film and television genres. Film genres (see list below) tend to be more general, for example, the western, action/adventure, comedy, horror, science fiction, etc., while television genres (see list below) are often specialized, for example, cooking shows, sports-talk shows, children’s animation, etc. A film that is representative of a certain film genre also tends to be selfenclosed—the conflicts are often resolved within the film, even with film sequels. In contrast, a television genre program tends to be part of a serial, in which a storyline may continue and develop or characters may evolve across different programs. There are a wide range of different types of film genres: detective, action/adventure, mystery,  science fiction, horror, gangster, romance, comedy, musical, comedy, animation, detective, spy thriller, as well as specific television genres: game show, prime-time drama, sports broadcast, soap opera, musical, medical drama, news, pro-wrestling, reality-television, talkshow. It is often difficult to identify a particular movie or television show as a primary example of a particular genre because a movie or show may contain elements reflecting different genres. 1. Soap operas: Soap-opera is the most popular form of television programming in the world. A large proportion of television viewers watch and enjoy soap-operas. Soap-operas dominate the national audience ratings over other programmes that are telecast. Soaps in general have a predominantly female audience, and in fact at least 30% of the audiences for this soap are male. The main interest for men was in business relations and problem and the power and wealth shown, whereas women were more often interested in the family issues and love affairs. Soaps appeal to those who value the personal and domestic world. There is no doubt that viewing and talking with family and friends about soap operas is experienced by many women as a pleasurable experience. Women are stereotyped in soap operas but the image of the modern women has changed. From being a submissive, quiet, obedient housewife, she has grown and evolved into a strong individual. She not excels in her profession but is also an able homemaker. Soaps create a world dominated by interpersonal relationship, where characters discuss marital, romantic and family problems. There is little physical violence or crime. The soap opera world seems emotionally hazardous-mainly because of the continual sorting and resorting of relationships. PORTRAYAL IN SOAP OPERAS Though not as strongly as in earlier years, the portrayal of both men and women on television is largely traditional and stereotypical. This serves to promote a polarization of gender roles. With femininity are associated traits such as emotionality, carefulness, cooperation, a shared sense, and obedience. Masculinity tends to be associated with such traits as wisdom,  efficiency, competition, individualism and ruthlessness. Most significantly though, soap opera’s concern with the everyday lives of everyday people and their problems, big and small, appears to be one of the main reasons why this genre is so popular. 2. The Talk Show: The television talk show consists of four different subgenres: 1) The morning talk shows 2) The day-time talk: some of which are characterized as â€Å"tabloid† or the â€Å"confessional† talk show, as well as â€Å"courtroom† shows. 3) prime-time/late-night talk show 4) Political talk shows 1. The morning and prime-time/late shows retain a consistent format established by early hosts in the 1950s through 1970s: for the morning shows identifies five characteristics of this subgenre: †¢ The centrality of the host. The program revolves around the host as the central figure of the program. The host often has control over the show’s content and guest selection. The host is often supported by others who laughed at his jokes and provided an immediate conversational audience. The hosts often serve as commodities for their networks—functioning to promote not only their shows, but also the network itself and other products. †¢ The present-tense flow. Even though the shows are pre-taped, they are highly structured in ways that create the illusion that they are occurring â€Å"live† in present time for the viewer audience. †¢ Varied modes of address. The host is simultaneously addressing a range of different audiences: the immediate audience on stage (guests, co-hosts), their studio audience, and the viewer audience, all in ways that serve to engage the viewer audience as the intimate â€Å"you. † †¢ The commodity function. The show serves not only as an advertising vehicle, but it also serves to promote the celebrities who appear on the show. Stars of television programs on the same network often appear as guests to promote those network programs. †¢ Structured impulsiveness. Despite the seemingly spontaneous nature of the program, a large cast of writers, producers, celebrating agents, and technical people construct a scripted, semi-rehearsed production that adheres to time constraints and certain publicity messages they wish to convey. Recently talk show hosts have functioned to provide their own versions of daily news events for their relatively younger audiences who may not be acquiring news from other sources. 2. The day-time â€Å"tabloid†/†confessional† shows are often organized around particularly themes or topics often related to interpersonal conflicts, health, beauty—and, on the tabloid shows. The increased popularity of â€Å"courtroom† shows dramatizes personal or family conflicts within a seemingly legal area. These shows attempt to actively promote conflicts between participants, often resulting in arguments, taunts, and physical fights. They also engage audience members as players in these conflicts, asking them to create alliances between the conflicting participants. These shows’ focus on dramatic conflict between participants serves to overlap with the conflicts portrayed in soap opera (see soap opera) and reality television. The â€Å"confessional† shows focus more on having participant’s articulate personal problems that are then addressed by an â€Å"expert† or by the host as a moral guide . The prevailing discourse of these shows is healing—the assumption that through â€Å"talking-out† issues and improving interpersonal relationships, problems can be solved, a discourse that masks the influence of institutional forces. 3. The political talk show often features competing political perspectives from what is described as the â€Å"liberal† and the â€Å"conservative† side, in which participants argue with each other in a highly dramatic, combative manner with little contextualization or development of ideas. Moreover, the â€Å"guests† who appear on Sunday morning talk shows generally represent status quo institutional perspectives and are largely white males. 3. Advertising: Media employ specific techniques to construct believable stories. They hook our attention through psychological devices and technical effects. The techniques are vast and many, but some common ones are easily recognizable and are identified here. Remember, advertisers will use many techniques not listed. Add to this list as needed. Technical effects: †¢ Camera angles enhance perspective, such as low angles that give the subject power. †¢ Close-ups provide emphasis. †¢ Sound effects animate products, giving them emotion. †¢ Mise-en-scene (set and setting inside camera frame) creates cultural and ideological context. Is the set a concert, a hall, a shopping mall? †¢ Accessories enhance the product. What’s being associated with the product, such as clothes, props, models? †¢ Lighting is used to draw your eye to certain details. †¢ Happy and attractive people are made-up and constructed to enhance the message. What kinds of people are in the ad? †¢ Music, popular songs and jingles create pneumonic devices to program or trigger your memory (some songs are used for nostalgic reasons, while others are used to cross promote products, i. e. cars and latest album). †¢ Products are sold using three main emotions: fear, sex and humour. Ads appeal to our emotions through emotional transfer and are rarely dependent on intellectual analysis. †¢ Special effects bring inanimate things to life and make them exciting. This is especially true with children-targeted ads. †¢ Editing is used to pace and generate excitement. Notice how military and video game ads have very fast cuts, usually a scene change every second. Common Attention-Getting Hooks: †¢ Emotional Transfer is the process of generating emotions in order to transfer them to a product. For example, a Coke ad shows happy, beautiful people but tells us nothing about the product. The point is to make you feel good and to transfer that feeling to the brand or product. This is the number one and most important process of media manipulation. †¢ Fear messages are directed at our insecurities, such as â€Å"no one will like you if you have dandruff,† or â€Å"bald people are losers. † This is a very common technique and extra attention is required to resist these messages. †¢ Symbols are easily recognized elements from our culture that generate powerful emotions, such as flags and crosses. †¢ Humour is often used because it makes us feel good and is more memorable. †¢ Hype, don’t believe it. Be skeptical of exaggerated claims. Statements like these are meaningless and vague, but sound good. †¢ Fitting In is a very common technique that tries to influence us by stating that if everyone else is buying the product, so should you. †¢ Cute. Children and animals always steal the show. †¢ Vague Promises like â€Å"might,† â€Å"maybe,† and â€Å"could† divert our attention. â€Å"Super Glue may heal cuts better than Band-Aids,† sounds absurd, but you will often hear claims as absurd as this and it would still be true (because it can’t be disproved). †¢ Testimonials are statements by people explaining why certain products are great. Famous or plain folk or actors can do them. This is more powerful when someone we really like or respect endorses a product. â€Å"Beautiful† people are usually used to glamorize merchandise, especially unhealthy products like alcohol, tobacco and junk food. Models and actors generally don’t represent average people, but idealized notions of beauty that are constantly changing. †¢ Famous People such as Michael Jordan make products appealing and attractive through association. †¢ Ordinary People are people that might be like you or me. This is common in ads that stress community or family. †¢ It’s Easy. Simple solutions are often used to convince us that a product will solve our problems. †¢ Macho is generally used to appeal to males, but not exclusively. It demonstrates masculinity and male stereotypes; these are common in military and tobacco ads. †¢ Femininity is another gender stereotype used in a variety of ads, from teen make-up commercials to alcohol ads. †¢ Repetition is done to reiterate a sales pitch over and over again, like the phone ads that repeatedly display and annunciate the phone number to access their service †¢ Big Lies are exaggerated promises that are impossible to deliver. †¢ Exotic. This is the appeal of the â€Å"other†; it could be a beach location, tribal person, something strange or unknown. This is often meant to hook you through presenting something that is out of the ordinary or beyond our everyday experience. †¢ Flattery is used to make you feel good about you as a consumer and that you are making the right choice when you chose a product. † †¢ Social Outcasts generally represents a put-down or demeaning comment about a competing product or cultural group. This is not limited to ads, but is common in propaganda as well (â€Å"they don’t believe in God,† etc. ). †¢ Free Lunch offers you something in addition to the product such as â€Å"buy one, get one free† or tax cuts. Freebies constantly hook us, but there are always hidden costs. Rarely is a thing truly free. †¢ Surrealism. Commercial media employ some of the brightest minds of the media world and often require cutting edge artists to keep their material fresh (e. g. MTV). Often, as a reflection of how unreal the fantasy world of media is, you will see juxtapositions and dreamlike imagery that make no sense because the advertiser is trying to get your attention by presenting something strange and different. †¢ The Good Old Days. Images, fashion, film effects and music depicting specific eras or subcultures are meant to appeal directly to the demographic represented in the ad. †¢ Culture. Niche marketing is more common as advertisers hone their messages for specific cultural groups. Latino-targeted ads, for instance, might have family scenes or specific uses of language. 4. Music: Form – most (not all) music involves some repetition, and we find some patterns recurring in many pieces. In other words, you will need to consider the elements below for EACH melody in your song (i.e. , the elements that characterize the A melody, again for the B melody, etc. ) Be aware that even if a melody (tune) is repeated, there may be changes – a chorus might sing what a soloist sang the first time, etc. , and a good analysis will account for those changes. †¢ Melody (Melodies) †¢ Tempo(s) – literally ‘speed. ‘ Using Italian terminology, how fast or slow is this tune? Are there changes in the tempo? Are they gradual or abrupt changes? Do you feel the tempo in this particular performance is appropriate for the lyrics or mood? If not, should it be faster or slower? Who seems responsible for establishing the tempo? †¢ Dynamic level(s) – literally ‘volume’—how loud (forte) or soft (piano) is this piece? Dynamics tend to fluctuate a lot in music, so how does this particularly piece progress? Are changes sudden or gradual? †¢ Mood – the â€Å"emotional† atmosphere of the song. This is a subjective assessment, but it should be supported by some of your other answers on this page. Sad songs, for example, usually aren’t very fast! †¢ Lyrics – how would you describe the poetry? Is it continually changing, or do you hear a lot of repetition of text? Do the words seem ‘important,’ or is the emphasis on the melody? How frequent are the rhymes? Is there patter singing? †¢ Medium – the performers needed for the piece (both vocal and instrumental! Don’t forget to notice any instruments or voices used in the accompaniment! ) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Text Setting Text Expression – has the composer crafted the music (tempo, dynamics, etc. ) to be appropriate to the meaning of the poetry? Does s/he use any devices such as wordpainting? Rhythm – Is the rhythm prominent? (Are your toes tapping? ) Can you tell what the meter is? What is the subdivision? Why might the composer have chosen this meter or subdivision? Do you notice other rhythmic devices, such as dotted rhythms or syncopation? Texture(s) – Does the texture change at any point in the piece? What’s the most prominent texture in the song? Mode – is the mode major or minor at the beginning of this piece? Does it change at any point? Is the mode appropriate for the poetry? Style – does the music seem to fall under a particular style label (i. e. jazz, swing, rap, ballad, rock, operatic, blues, gospel, etc. )? What other elements create this style? (Text setting, instrumentation, etc. ) Type – some songs can be classified as functioning in a typical way—such as soliloquies, charm songs, comedy songs, vision songs, challenge songs, â€Å"I want† songs, love songs, patriotic songs, etc. Does this song belong to a recognizable category? (Not all songs fit into these sorts of classifications. ) Action/Dance – does this song structured so that it contains some sort of staged action or dance? Is the action in the background, or does the singer(s) participate? Describe the setting as best you can.

The Old Man and the Sea1 essays

The Old Man and the Sea1 essays In The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway there are two characters who have a great friendship, the old man and the young boy. The old man has been fishing for many years and for the last eighty-four days has not caught a fish. Now the boy who looks up to him is not allowed to fish with him anymore. This boy looks up to the old man as a hero because the old man shows courage, perseverance, and respect. The old man shows courage just by going out all alone everyday and still fishing at his age. Although he showed the most courage when he had to fight the big fish. He could have let the fish go, by cutting the line, but instead the old man was willing to die trying to catch it. He had seen many that weighed more than a thousand pounds... Now alone, and out of sight, he was fast to the biggest fish that he had ever seen and bigger than he had heard of (pg 63) Yet he didnt fear the fish because he knew that if he fought the fish wisely he could beat it. However, if he lost his courage, then he would be done for and would never see the fish again. Not only does the old man show courage but he also shows perseverance. This man went eighty-four days without catching a fish. Yet he woke up every morning, way before dawn and get ready for a day of fishing. He knew that if he stuck with it, then his perseverance would pay off in the long run. Ever as hes fighting the fish he shows perseverance. Fish he said softly, aloud Ill stay with you until I die(52) This shows that he was in for the fight of his life and that he was willing for his life to end before giving up. And in the end his perseverance pays off and he finally gets the fish to the boat. The boy also looks up to the old man because of the old mans respect. He has respect for everything and everyone. He respects the boy by treating him like a son, the fish by realizing the beauty of it, and him self by no...

Young Emiratis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Young Emiratis - Essay Example There was an explosion of in immigrants and population increased, with corresponding increasing in number of vehicles accompanied by rapidly expanding road construction projects. The pattern of behavior rapidly changed, with behaviors rooted in traditional cultures mixed with that of western. This led to increased number of road traffic accidents with fatalities and casualties challenging the probability of living (El-Sadig, 2012, p. 67). Currently, road traffic accident is a major problem faced by security agencies in the United Arab Emirates and the public as well. Therefore, road accidents represent the number of deaths and injuries, and the effect of accident on social life. In addition, traffic accident causes material losses in terms of property damaged, which is a cost to the economy. According to traffic statistic released by Ministry of Interior in 2012, 6454 accidents occurred resulting in a 758 injury and 628 people died (International Business Publications, 2012 p. 14). M ajor car accidents occur because of irresponsible behaviors of drivers such as not abiding to speed limit, maintaining a short distance between cars, neglecting the importance of safety belts, and making a call while driving. Young Emiratis is the major contributor and cause of road traffic accident in UAE (Martin, 2010, p. 46). ... Male young Emiratis appears to thrive on the risk and in most cases do not abide by traffic and safety rules as compared to female young Emiratis. Early driving is also pointed as the cause of car accidents. According to the study, young Emiratis claim that they started driving surreptitiously or with permission from their parents before they attain legal age of 18 years, 8years to be precise. This is a major determinant of accidents, which result in great loss to the society and the economy. With regard to reckless driving, many young Emiratis engages in risky driving practices including exceeding the speed limit, overtaking using wrong lane, intruding to force way and tailgate (Hutchinson, 2004 p.100). Safety measures that drivers are encouraged to observe, even though they are not legally binding, are not in style to young Emiratis. Others go to an extend of eating and drinking while driving, do not use indicators to show direction, and do not use hand free set when answering or m aking calls. Expression of superiority consumes young Emiratis while driving. This is a behavioral pattern that scientist call ‘territoriality’. It refers to the attempt by individual to occupy, define and defend what he considers his own territory. While driving, young Emiratis mostly overtakes the car in front if the driver of that car is an expatriate or from another Emirate (Martin, 2010, p. 89). When a road accident occurs, there are tangible and intangible cost incurred. It results in fatality. Young Emiratis drives recklessly which result in road traffic accidents. They over-speed and overtake on a wrong lane and fail to observe basic driving rules, which result in unexpected collisions. This causes death to driver, occupants, and those in the surrounding such as passengers

The History and Regeneration of Ballymun, Co. Dublin Ireland Essay

The History and Regeneration of Ballymun, Co. Dublin Ireland - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the regeneration of Ballymun, a major renewal project now being implemented in Dublin. The paper will also examine if this regeneration project has been successful in achieving its objectives. In examining this issue the author has looked at Ballymun as a whole and researched past problems and mistakes made by the government and Dublin City Council. This paper reviews the most recent and most radical of attempts to regenerate Ballymun, which is currently being implemented under the auspices of a quasi-governmental organization, Ballymun Regeneration Ltd (BRL). This company was established by Dublin Corporation in 1997 to prepare and implement a plan for the regeneration of the Ballymun estate and the ambitions housing demolition of the flats and rebuild of new homes and socio-economic development programme which it has devised will be funded by a mixture of direct public investment together with tax relief for private sector investme nt in house building and office and factory development.   This regeneration project is highly innovative in the Irish context because BRL is the first and, to date, the only designated, quasi-governmental agency which has been employed to regenerate a public housing area in the history of the Irish State. Moreover, the use of tax incentives to encourage private sector investment in an area of this type is also unprecedented.  ... The dissertation will look at the following issues and relevant theories: 1. Establishing the urban regeneration in Ireland and its initiatives 2. Pointing out urban problems in Dublin 3. Evolution of Ballymun: its planning and development, its construction and design problems, 4. Ballymun problems and their solutions due to strategies of regeneration 5. Defining problems concerning built environment, housing management, regeneration This dissertation reviews the most recent and most radical of attempts to regenerate Ballymun, which is currently being implemented under the auspices of a quasi governmental organisation, Ballymun Regeneration Ltd (BRL). This company was established by Dublin Corporation in 1997 to prepare and implement a plan for the regeneration of the Ballymun estate and the ambitions housing demolition of the flats and rebuild of new homes and socio-economic development programme which it has devised will be funded by a mixture of direct public investment together with tax relief for private sector investment in house building and office and factory development. This regeneration project is highly innovative in the Irish context, because BRL is the first and, to date, the only designated, quasi governmental agency which has been employed to regenerate a public housing area in the history of the Irish State. Moreover the use of tax incentives to encourage private sector investment in an area of t his type is also unprecedented. BRL is also significant in the international context as, unlike many comparable regeneration projects in other countries, the indications are that its efforts to diversify tenure and encourage private sector